Scientific papers

@article{Sobngwi2020a,

title = {A review of changes in COVID-19 burden in the COVID-19 treatment centres in Yaoundé (Cameroon): a call for cautious optimism.},

author = {Eugene Sobngwi and Charlotte Omgba-Moussi and Charles Kouanfack and Noel Vogue and Alain Patrick Tchatchoua and Pierre Ongolo Zogo},

url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33282068 http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=PMC7687475},

doi = {10.11604/pamj.supp.2020.35.2.24982},

issn = {1937-8688},

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-01-01},

journal = {The Pan African medical journal},

volume = {35},

issue = {Suppl 2},

pages = {113},

keywords = {Africa, bimodal, COVID-19, early treatment, mitigation curve, strategy},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Mapa-Tassou2019,

title = {Economic Impact of Diabetes in Africa.},

author = {Clarisse Mapa-Tassou and Jean-Claude Katte and Camille Mba Maadjhou and Jean Claude Mbanya},

url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30680578},

doi = {10.1007/s11892-019-1124-7},

issn = {1539-0829},

year  = {2019},

date = {2019-01-01},

journal = {Current diabetes reports},

volume = {19},

issue = {2},

pages = {5},

abstract = {PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review seeks to address knowledge gaps around the economic burden of diabetes in Africa. Africa is home to numerous endemic infections and also prevalent non-communicable diseases including diabetes. It is projected that the greatest increases in diabetes prevalence will occur in Africa. The importance of this review therefore lies in providing adequate knowledge on the economic challenges that diabetes poses to the continent and describe the way forward in tackling this epidemic. RECENT FINDINGS Diabetes contributes to a huge amount of the global health expenditure in the world. There is a dearth of information on the economic burden of diabetes in Africa with very limited number of studies in the area. Predictions do show that Africa has the greatest predicted increase in both the burden of diabetes and associated diabetic complications but yet contributes the lowest in the global annual healthcare expenses with regard to diabetes care. In 2017, the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) estimated the total health expenditure due to diabetes at $3.3 billion. In Nigeria, the national annual direct costs of diabetes was estimated in the range of $1.071 billion to $1.639 billion per year while the estimated monthly direct medical costs per individual in Cameroon stands at $148. In Sudan, the direct cost of type 2 diabetes control was $175 per year which only included the cost of medications and ambulatory care. People with diabetes are likely to experience one or more chronic illness and a significant portion of the costs associated with these complications are attributed to the underlying diabetes. The growing epidemics of diabetes and associated diabetic complications worldwide poses catastrophic financial costs, especially in Africa where most of the expenses are paid by patients and families. The most common method used for the estimation of the economic burden of a public health problem like diabetes is the cost-of-illness approach. Cost-of-illness studies traditionally divide costs into three categories: direct, indirect, and intangible. The IDF estimated the total health expenditure due to diabetes at $3.3 billion worldwide in 2017. Most of the existing studies in Africa estimated only the direct costs. The medical direct cost of type 1 diabetes was higher than type 2. However, the estimations of costs of diabetes in many countries in Africa may be underestimated due to absence of data on the relative contribution of cost of diabetes complications.},

keywords = {Africa, Burden, Diabetes, Economic},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Mbacham2019,

title = {Current Situation of Malaria in Africa.},

author = {Wilfred Fon Mbacham and Lawrence Ayong and Magellan Guewo-Fokeng and Valerie Makoge},

url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31267491},

doi = {10.1007/978-1-4939-9550-9_2},

issn = {1940-6029},

year  = {2019},

date = {2019-01-01},

journal = {Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.)},

volume = {2013},

pages = {29-44},

abstract = {Malaria infection is one of the major causes of deaths in the African continent. The high burden of malaria in Africa is due to P. falciparum, which adapts and cospecializes with Anopheles gambiae, the most effective and widespread malaria vector. Since 2000, the incidence of malaria has been reduced by 17% and malaria mortality rates by 26%. However, the rate of decline has stalled and even reversed in some regions since 2014. In 2017 as described by the latest World malaria report, 219 million malaria cases were reported, up from 2017 million cases reported in 2016 in 91 countries, and the global tally of malaria deaths reached 435,000 deaths, compared with 451,000 estimated deaths in 2016. Despite these achievements, the African region continues to account for about 92% of malaria cases and deaths worldwide. Therefore, it is important to master the current situation of malaria in Africa to see how to better plan its elimination. In this chapter, we present the current situation and prospective means to improve it, including a salutogenesis approach.},

keywords = {Africa, Burden, malaria, Salutogenesis},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Djonou2019,

title = {Glycemic control and correlates in a group of sub Saharan type 1 diabetes adolescents},

author = {Cathy Djonou and Aurel T. Tankeu and Mesmin Y. Dehayem and Daryl N. Tcheutchoua and Jean Claude Mbanya and Eugene Sobngwi},

url = {https://doi.org/10.1186/s13104-019-4054-1 https://bmcresnotes.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13104-019-4054-1},

doi = {10.1186/s13104-019-4054-1},

issn = {1756-0500},

year  = {2019},

date = {2019-01-01},

journal = {BMC Research Notes},

volume = {12},

issue = {1},

pages = {50},

publisher = {BioMed Central},

abstract = {Objectives: This study aims to describe the prevalence of glycemic control and related factors in a population of Sub-Saharan African T1D patients. We carried out a cross-sectional study including children and adolescents from seven different centers of the Changing Diabetes in Children (CDiC) program. All children enrolled in the program where recruited after parental consent. Diabetes history, daily practice anthropometrics parameters and HbA1c were assessed for each participant. Results: We enrolled 95 children adolescents, aged from 06 to 19 years. The mean HbA1c was 9.2 ± 2.5% and 67.4% of participant had poor glycemic control. There was an association between study level of the patients (p = 0.03), healthy eating habits (p < 0.001), diabetes duration (p < 0.001) and level of glycemic control on univariate analysis. On multivariate analysis, diabetes diagnosed for more than 2 years was associated to a good control compared to those with diagnosis that is more recent. Glycemic control of adolescents with type1 diabetes remain very poor in Cameroon despite the implementation of free diabetes care through the program CDiC.},

keywords = {Africa, Glycemic control, Type 1 diabetes},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Yako2018,

title = {Genetic factors contributing to hypertension in African-based populations: A systematic review and meta-analysis.},

author = {Yandiswa Y Yako and Eric V Balti and Tandi E Matsha and Anastase Dzudie and Deirdre Kruger and Eugene Sobngwi and Charles Agyemang and Andre P Kengne},

url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29520984},

doi = {10.1111/jch.13225},

issn = {1751-7176},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-01-01},

journal = {Journal of clinical hypertension (Greenwich, Conn.)},

volume = {20},

issue = {3},

pages = {485-495},

abstract = {In a systematic review, the authors explored genetic association studies of essential hypertension in African populations. Studies reporting on the association of polymorphism(s) with hypertension in African populations were included. Appropriate studies were pooled using random effects model meta-analysis, under six potential inheritance models. In all, 46 polymorphisms in 33 genes were investigated for their association with hypertension or blood pressure levels. Meta-analysis was possible for three single nucleotide polymorphisms: rs4340, rs699, and rs5186. An association was found between rs5186, rs699, and hypertension under allele contrast and homozygous codominant models (odds ratio, 1.63 [95% confidence interval, 1.04-2.54] and 4.01 [95% confidence interval, 1.17-13.80] for rs5186, respectively; and 1.80 [95% confidence interval, 1.13-2.87] for rs699). Findings were mostly robust in sensitivity analyses. According to the systematic review, there is currently insufficient evidence on the specific polymorphisms that pose the risk of hypertension in African populations. Large-scale genetic studies are warranted to better understand susceptibility polymorphisms that may be specific to African populations.},

keywords = {Africa, blood pressure, diastolic, genetics, hypertension, systolic},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Noubiap2018,

title = {Genetic Determinants of Dyslipidemia in African-Based Populations: A Systematic Review.},

author = {Jean Jacques Noubiap and Edith Pascale M Mato and Magellan Guewo-Fokeng and Arnaud D Kaze and Houssam Boulenouar and Ambroise Wonkam},

url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30571611 http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=PMC7001384},

doi = {10.1089/omi.2018.0158},

issn = {1557-8100},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-01-01},

journal = {Omics : a journal of integrative biology},

volume = {22},

issue = {12},

pages = {749-758},

abstract = {Identification of genetic/genomic factors contributing to dyslipidemia is of great interest to prevention and reduction of the onset and burden of cardiovascular diseases in Africa. This systematic review summarizes available data on genetic variants associated with dyslipidemia in populations within Africa. A PubMed and EMBASE database search was conducted to identify all studies published until June 2018 on genetic susceptibility to dyslipidemia in African-based populations, excluding familial hypercholesterolemia. All studies on genetic predispositions of dyslipidemia and respecting the preestablished inclusion criteria were included in this systematic review. Because of high heterogeneity, the data were summarized narratively. Twenty-two studies investigated mostly the targeted genetic variants. A total of 51 polymorphisms in 28 susceptibility genes to dyslipidemia have been associated with a particular trait in the African populations, and through variable effects. Most polymorphisms investigated in Northern Africa seemed to have consistent effects on increasing the level of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), total cholesterol, and triglycerides in patients with diabetes, myocardial infarction, coronary artery disease, and metabolic syndrome. By contrast, only Ser447Ter and C49620T variants were associated with increased LDL-C in sub-Saharan Africa. Despite few studies available in this context in the literature, certain genetic variants were consistently associated with dyslipidemia especially in Northern Africa as highlighted in this analysis. Further data, particularly from genome-wide association studies, would help establish an African-specific reference for genetic susceptibility markers of dyslipidemia.},

keywords = {Africa, biomarkers, cardiovascular health and disease, dyslipidemia, genetics, genomics, polymorphism},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Kajee2018,

title = {The Developmental Origins of Health and Disease and Sustainable Development Goals: mapping the way forward.},

author = {N Kajee and E Sobngwi and A Macnab and A S Daar},

url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28805172},

doi = {10.1017/S2040174417000630},

issn = {2040-1752},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-01-01},

journal = {Journal of developmental origins of health and disease},

volume = {9},

issue = {1},

pages = {5-9},

abstract = {In this paper, meant to stimulate debate, we argue that there is considerable benefit in approaching together the implementation of two seemingly separate recent developments. First, on the global development agenda, we have the United Nations General Assembly's 2015 finalized list of 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Several of the SDGs are related to health. Second, the field of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease (DOHaD) has garnered enough compelling evidence demonstrating that early exposures in life affect not only future health, but that the effects of that exposure can be transmitted across generations - necessitating that we begin to focus on prevention. We argue that implementing the SDGs and DOHaD together will be beneficial in several ways; and will require attending to multiple, complex and multidisciplinary approaches as we reach the point of translating science to policy to impact. Here, we begin by providing the context for our work and making the case for a mutually reinforcing, synergistic approach to implementing SDGs and DOHaD, particularly in Africa. To do this, we initiate discussion via an early mapping of some of the overlapping considerations between SDGs and DOHaD.},

keywords = {Africa, Developmental Origins of Health and Disease, implementation, Sustainable Development Goals, United Nations},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Ngassam2018,

title = {Heart rate variability in hyperthyroidism on sub Saharan African patients: a case–control study},

author = {Eliane Ngassam and Marcel Azabji-Kenfack and Aurel T. Tankeu and Liliane Mfeukeu-Kuate and Chris-Nadège Nganou-Gnindjio and Camille Mba and Jean Claude Katte and Mesmin Y. Dehayem and Jean Claude Mbanya and Eugène Sobngwi},

url = {https://doi.org/10.1186/s13104-018-3922-4 https://bmcresnotes.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13104-018-3922-4},

doi = {10.1186/s13104-018-3922-4},

issn = {1756-0500},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-01-01},

journal = {BMC Research Notes},

volume = {11},

issue = {1},

pages = {814},

publisher = {BioMed Central},

abstract = {Objective: We aimed to determine heart rate variability in freshly diagnosed untreated hyperthyroidism patients. We enrolled 10 patients (9 females) and 10 matched controls for sex and age. Each eligible patient underwent five different tests according to Ewing battery tests for cardiac autonomic dysfunction assessment. HRV was assessed during each maneuver and on 24 h using a continuous electrocardiogram with automatic estimation of SDNN, RMSSD, LF HF and HF/LH ratio. Results of tests were compared between hyperthyroidism patients and matched controls using the non-parametric test of Mann-Whitney. Results: Heart rate was significantly higher in patients with thyrotoxicosis (82.91 ± 10.99 vs 67.04 ± 6.80; 0.006) compared to their controls. On time-domain analysis, there was a trend towards reduction in SDNN (39.52 vs. 63.75; p = 0.2) as well as the RMSSD (30.44 vs 64.03; p = 0.09) in patients with hyperthyroidism. The frequency-domain analysis showed non-significant higher values for the LF (43.87 vs 38.85 ± 12.85; p = 0.8) and lower for the HF (32.54 vs 43.39; p = 0.3). Test's results were mostly impaired in hyperthyroid patients and all patients presented abnormal results for parasympathetic activity. Untreated and recently diagnosed hyperthyroidism is associated to an altered parasympathetic activity in sub Saharan African patients.},

keywords = {Africa, Heart rate variability, Hyperthyroidism, Short-term},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Kengne2017,

title = {Trends in obesity and diabetes across Africa from 1980 to 2014: an analysis of pooled population-based studies},

author = {Andre Pascal Kengne and James Bentham and Bin Zhou and Nasheeta Peer and Tandi E. Matsha and Honor Bixby and Mariachiara Di Cesare and Kaveh Hajifathalian and Yuan Lu and Cristina Taddei and Pascal Bovet and Catherine Kyobutungi and Charles Agyemang and Hajer Aounallah-Skhiri and Felix K. Assah and Amina Barkat and Habiba Ben Romdhane and Queenie Chan and Nishi Chaturvedi and Albertino Damasceno and Hélène Delisle and Francis Delpeuch and Kouamelan Doua and Eruke E. Egbagbe and Jalila El Ati and Paul Elliott and Reina Engle-Stone and Rajiv T. Erasmus and Heba M. Fouad and Dickman Gareta and Oye Gureje and Marleen Elisabeth Hendriks and Leila Houti and Mohsen M. Ibrahim and Han C G Kemper and Japhet Killewo and Sudhir Kowlessur and Herculina S. Kruger and Fatima Zahra Laamiri and Youcef Laid and Naomi S. Levitt and Nuno Lunet and Dianna J. Magliano and Bernard Maire and Yves Martin-Prevel and Sounnia Mediene-Benchekor and Mostafa K. Mohamed and Charles K. Mondo and Kotsedi Daniel Monyeki and Aya Mostafa and Martin Nankap and Ellis Owusu-Dabo and Tobias F Rinke Wit and Olfa Saidi and Constance Schultsz and Aletta E. Schutte and Idowu O. Senbanjo and Jonathan E. Shaw and Liam Smeeth and Eugène Sobngwi and Charles Sossa Jérome and Karien Stronks and Frank Tanser and Félicité Tchibindat and Pierre Traissac and Lechaba Tshepo and Fikru Tullu and Flora A M Ukoli and Bharathi Viswanathan and Alisha N. Wade and Goodarz Danaei and Gretchen A. Stevens and Leanne M. Riley and Majid Ezzati and Jean Claude N. Mbanya},

url = {https://academic.oup.com/ije/article/46/5/1421/3861188},

doi = {10.1093/ije/dyx078},

issn = {0300-5771},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-01-01},

journal = {International Journal of Epidemiology},

volume = {46},

issue = {5},

pages = {1421-1432},

abstract = {Background: The 2016 Dar Es Salaam Call to Action on Diabetes and Other noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) advocates national multi-sectoral NCD strategies and action plans based on available data and information from countries of sub-Saharan Africa and beyond. We estimated trends from 1980 to 2014 in age-standardized mean body mass index (BMI) and diabetes prevalence in these countries, in order to assess the coprogression and assist policy formulation. Methods: We pooled data from African and worldwide population-based studies which measured height, weight and biomarkers to assess diabetes status in adults aged ≥18 years. A Bayesian hierarchical model was used to estimate trends by sex for 200 countries and territories including 53 countries across five African regions (central, eastern, northern, southern and western), in mean BMI and diabetes prevalence (defined as either fasting plasma glucose of ≥ 7.0 mmol/l, history of diabetes diagnosis, or use of insulin or oral glucose control agents). Results: African data came from 245 population-based surveys (1.2 million participants) for BMI and 76 surveys (182 000 participants) for diabetes prevalence estimates. Countries with the highest number of data sources for BMI were South Africa (n=17), Nigeria (n=15) and Egypt (n=13); and for diabetes estimates, Tanzania (n=8), Tunisia (n=7), and Cameroon, Egypt and South Africa (all n=6). The age-standardized mean BMI increased from 21.0 kg/m2 (95% credible interval: 20.3-21.7) to 23.0 kg/m2 (22.7-23.3) in men, and from 21.9 kg/m2 (21.3-22.5) to 24.9 kg/m2 (24.6-25.1) in women. The agestandardized prevalence of diabetes increased from 3.4% (1.5-6.3) to 8.5% (6.5-10.8) in men, and from 4.1% (2.0-7.5) to 8.9% (6.9-11.2) in women. Estimates in northern and southern regions were mostly higher than the global average; those in central, eastern and western regions were lower than global averages. A positive association (correlation coefficient ≃ 0.9) was observed between mean BMI and diabetes prevalence in both sexes in 1980 and 2014. Conclusions: These estimates, based on limited data sources, confirm the rapidly increasing burden of diabetes in Africa. This rise is being driven, at least in part, by increasing adiposity, with regional variations in observed trends. African countries' efforts to prevent and control diabetes and obesity should integrate the setting up of reliable monitoring systems, consistent with the World Health Organization's Global Monitoring System Framework.},

keywords = {Adiposity, Africa, Body mass index, Diabetes, Prevalence, Trends},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Munang2017,

title = {Reproducibility of the 75 g oral glucose tolerance test for the diagnosis of gestational diabetes mellitus in a sub-Saharan African population},

author = {Yvonne Nangeh Munang and Jean Jacques Noubiap and Celestin Danwang and Julius Dohbit Sama and Marcel Azabji-Kenfack and Jean Claude Mbanya and Eugene Sobngwi},

url = {https://doi.org/10.1186/s13104-017-2944-7 https://bmcresnotes.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13104-017-2944-7},

doi = {10.1186/s13104-017-2944-7},

issn = {1756-0500},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-01-01},

journal = {BMC Research Notes},

volume = {10},

issue = {1},

pages = {622},

publisher = {BioMed Central},

abstract = {Objective: To evaluate the reproducibility of the 75 g oral glucose tolerance test and factors associated with non-reproducible results in Cameroonian pregnant women. Results: Twenty-seven of the 84 participants (32.1%) who did the first oral glucose tolerance test were diagnosed with gestational diabetes mellitus. There was no difference between the means of the glycaemic responses at T0 (p = 0.64), T30 (p = 0.08), T60 (p = 0.86), T90 (p = 0.51), and T120 (p = 0.34) between the two oral glucose tolerance test. Age (p = 0.001) and BMI (p = 0.001) were significantly associated with non-reproducible results. The reproducibility of the oral glucose tolerance test in this study was 74.2%, and the kappa statistic's 0.46. In conclusion, the results of the oral glucose tolerance test were reproducible in only 74.2% of pregnant women in this study. This highlights that a single oral glucose tolerance test for the diagnosis of gestational diabetes mellitus should be interpreted with caution.},

keywords = {Africa, Cameroon, Gestational diabetes, Oral glucose tolerance test, Reproducibility},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Norris2017,

title = {Understanding and acting on the developmental origins of health and disease in Africa would improve health across generations},

author = {Shane A. Norris and Abdallah Daar and Dorairajan Balasubramanian and Peter Byass and Elizabeth Kimani-Murage and Andrew Macnab and Christoff Pauw and Atul Singhal and Chittaranjan Yajnik and James Akazili and Naomi Levitt and Jihene Maatoug and Nolwazi Mkhwanazi and Sophie E. Moore and Moffat Nyirenda and Juliet R. C. Pulliam and Tamsen Rochat and Rihlat Said-Mohamed and Soraya Seedat and Eugene Sobngwi and Mark Tomlinson and Elona Toska and Cari Schalkwyk},

url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/16549716.2017.1334985 https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/16549716.2017.1334985},

doi = {10.1080/16549716.2017.1334985},

issn = {1654-9716},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-01-01},

journal = {Global Health Action},

volume = {10},

issue = {1},

pages = {1334985},

publisher = {Taylor & Francis},

abstract = {Data from many high- and low- or middle-income countries have linked exposures during key developmental periods (in particular pregnancy and infancy) to later health and disease. Africa faces substantial challenges with persisting infectious disease and now burgeoning non-communicable disease.This paper opens the debate to the value of strengthening the developmental origins of health and disease (DOHaD) research focus in Africa to tackle critical public health challenges across the life-course. We argue that the application of DOHaD science in Africa to advance life-course prevention programmes can aid the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals, and assist in improving health across generations. To increase DOHaD research and its application in Africa, we need to mobilise multisectoral partners, utilise existing data and expertise on the continent, and foster a new generation of young African scientists engrossed in DOHaD.},

keywords = {Africa, Developmental origins of health and disease (DOHaD, Life course epidemiology, Non-communicable disease, Policy, Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Mapa-Tassou2017,

title = {Use of medical services and medicines attributable to type 2 diabetes care in Yaoundé, Cameroon: a cross-sectional study},

author = {Clarisse Mapa-Tassou and Leopold K. Fezeu and Zakariaou Njoumemi and Eric Lontchi-Yimagou and Eugène Sobngwi and Jean Claude Mbanya},

url = {http://bmchealthservres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12913-017-2197-0},

doi = {10.1186/s12913-017-2197-0},

issn = {1472-6963},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-01-01},

journal = {BMC Health Services Research},

volume = {17},

issue = {1},

pages = {262},

publisher = {BMC Health Services Research},

abstract = {Background: The increasing numbers of people with type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a global concern and especially in sub-Saharan Africa, where diabetes must compete for resources with communicable diseases. Diabetes intensifies health care utilisation and leads to an increase in medical care costs. However, In Cameroon like in most developing countries, data on the impact of diabetes on the medical health system are scarce. We aimed to analyse the use of medical services and medicines attributable to T2D care in Yaoundé, Cameroon. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study comparing the use of medical services and medicines on 500 people with T2D attending the diabetic outpatient units of three hospitals in Yaoundé and 500 people without diabetes matched for age, sex and residence. We performed multivariate logistic and quantile regressions to assess the effect of diabetes on the use of medical services and medicines and the presence of other chronic health problems. Models were adjusted for age, educational level, marital status, occupation and family income. Results: Overall, the rate of use of health services was found to be greater in people with T2D than those without diabetes. People with T2D had greater odds of having an outpatient visit to any clinician (OR 97.1 [95% CI: 41.6-226.2]), to be hospitalised (OR 11.9 [95% CI: 1.6-87.9]), to take at least one medicine (OR 83.1 [37.1-185.8]) compared with people without diabetes. We also observed an association between diabetes and some chronic diseases/diabetes complications including hypertension (OR 9.2 [95% CI: 5.0-16.9]), cardiovascular diseases (OR 1.9 [95% CI: 0.8-4.9]), peripheral neuropathy (OR 6.2 [95% CI: 3.4-11.2]), and erectile dysfunction (OR 5.8 [95% CI: 2.7-12.1]). Conclusions: This study showed that the presence of diabetes is associated with an increased use of health care services and medicines as well as with some chronic diseases/diabetes complications.},

keywords = {Africa, Cameroon, Complications, Medical services, Medicines, type 2 diabetes},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Bigna2014,

title = {Metabolic syndrome for sub-Saharan Africans diabetes with peripheral arterial disease: a case-control study},

author = {Jean Joel R. Bigna and Jean Bahebeck and Eugène Sobngwi and Jean Claude Mbanya},

url = {https://bmcresnotes.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1756-0500-7-104},

doi = {10.1186/1756-0500-7-104},

issn = {1756-0500},

year  = {2014},

date = {2014-01-01},

journal = {BMC Research Notes},

volume = {7},

issue = {1},

pages = {104},

abstract = {Background: Currently, there is no value for the definition of abdominal obesity by measuring waist circumference in the Sub-Saharan Africa. Several definitions of metabolic syndrome (MS) have disparities concerning use of waist circumference, including International Diabetes Federation (IDF), American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (AHA/NHLBI) and National Cholesterol Education Program-Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP-ATPIII) definitions. The aim of the study was to determine what value of waist circumference should be used and whether to use it as obligatory criterion in the metabolic syndrome in case of peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Methods. We conducted a case-control study in Cameroon. We included patients with diabetic foot and type 2 diabetes and excluded those with an Ankle Brachial Index (ABI) >?1.3. Cases were defined as patients with ABI?≤?0.9 and controls with ABI >?0.9. The significant p value was < 0.05 and odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval was used to measured risk for have PAD with MS. Results: We included 19 cases and 48 controls. The risk for having PAD with MS are for the IDF: OR = 4.7 (1.4-15.1)},

keywords = {Africa, Diabetic foot, Endocrine disorders, Low-income country, Metabolic syndrome, Peripheral arterial disease},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}