Scientific papers

@article{Etoga2020,

title = {Clinical profile and early therapeutic response to cabergoline of patients with hyperprolactinemia in a Cameroonian population},

author = {Martine Claude Etoa Etoga and Eugène Sobngwi and Pelagie Ngoune and Emmanuella Doh and Francine Mendane Mekobe and Noel Mbango-Ekouta and Mesmin Dehayem and Pascal Foumane and Jean Claude Mbanya},

url = {http://www.panafrican-med-journal.com/content/article/35/2/full/},

doi = {10.11604/pamj.2020.35.2.12883},

issn = {1937-8688},

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-01-01},

journal = {Pan African Medical Journal},

volume = {35},

pages = {3-6},

abstract = {Hyperprolactinemia is responsible for 20 to 25% of consultations of secondary amenorrhea and 17% for female infertility. Dopamine agonists are the gold standard treatment of hyperprolactinemia. Although they are associated with various adverse effects, cabergoline is generally preferred due to better compliance, limited side effects and good therapeutic response. However, bromocriptine is widely and satisfactorily used in a context of limited availability of cabergoline. We sought to describe clinical manifestations of hyperprolactinemia and response to cabergoline in a sub Saharan Africa (SSA) setting. We describe the profile of all patients with a diagnosis of hyperprolactinaemia from 1st July 2012 to 15th May 2014 at the Endocrinology Department of Yaoundé Central Hospital. Patients with physiological hyperprolactinemia were not considered. All patients were routinely started on cabergoline at 0.5mg/week or at 1mg/week in case of macroprolactinoma or desire to become pregnant. The duration of follow up was 8-16 months. After three months of treatment, 8 of 10 patients with amenorrhea had menses and serum prolactin levels decreased significantly at month 2-3 (p = 0.025). In conclusion, our study suggests that cabergoline yields an excellent therapeutic response in a short period of time and may thus be cost saving in sub Saharan context despite its unit price.},

keywords = {Cabergoline, Early therapeutic response, Hyperprolactinemia},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{NCDRiskFactorCollaborationNCD-RisC2020,

title = {Height and body-mass index trajectories of school-aged children and adolescents from 1985 to 2019 in 200 countries and territories: a pooled analysis of 2181 population-based studies with 65 million participants.},

author = {NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC)},

url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33160572 http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=PMC7658740},

doi = {10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31859-6},

issn = {1474-547X},

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-01-01},

journal = {Lancet (London, England)},

volume = {396},

issue = {10261},

pages = {1511-1524},

abstract = {BACKGROUND Comparable global data on health and nutrition of school-aged children and adolescents are scarce. We aimed to estimate age trajectories and time trends in mean height and mean body-mass index (BMI), which measures weight gain beyond what is expected from height gain, for school-aged children and adolescents. METHODS For this pooled analysis, we used a database of cardiometabolic risk factors collated by the Non-Communicable Disease Risk Factor Collaboration. We applied a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends from 1985 to 2019 in mean height and mean BMI in 1-year age groups for ages 5-19 years. The model allowed for non-linear changes over time in mean height and mean BMI and for non-linear changes with age of children and adolescents, including periods of rapid growth during adolescence. FINDINGS We pooled data from 2181 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight in 65 million participants in 200 countries and territories. In 2019, we estimated a difference of 20 cm or higher in mean height of 19-year-old adolescents between countries with the tallest populations (the Netherlands, Montenegro, Estonia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina for boys; and the Netherlands, Montenegro, Denmark, and Iceland for girls) and those with the shortest populations (Timor-Leste, Laos, Solomon Islands, and Papua New Guinea for boys; and Guatemala, Bangladesh, Nepal, and Timor-Leste for girls). In the same year, the difference between the highest mean BMI (in Pacific island countries, Kuwait, Bahrain, The Bahamas, Chile, the USA, and New Zealand for both boys and girls and in South Africa for girls) and lowest mean BMI (in India, Bangladesh, Timor-Leste, Ethiopia, and Chad for boys and girls; and in Japan and Romania for girls) was approximately 9-10 kg/m2. In some countries, children aged 5 years started with healthier height or BMI than the global median and, in some cases, as healthy as the best performing countries, but they became progressively less healthy compared with their comparators as they grew older by not growing as tall (eg, boys in Austria and Barbados, and girls in Belgium and Puerto Rico) or gaining too much weight for their height (eg, girls and boys in Kuwait, Bahrain, Fiji, Jamaica, and Mexico; and girls in South Africa and New Zealand). In other countries, growing children overtook the height of their comparators (eg, Latvia, Czech Republic, Morocco, and Iran) or curbed their weight gain (eg, Italy, France, and Croatia) in late childhood and adolescence. When changes in both height and BMI were considered, girls in South Korea, Vietnam, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and some central Asian countries (eg, Armenia and Azerbaijan), and boys in central and western Europe (eg, Portugal, Denmark, Poland, and Montenegro) had the healthiest changes in anthropometric status over the past 3·5 decades because, compared with children and adolescents in other countries, they had a much larger gain in height than they did in BMI. The unhealthiest changes-gaining too little height, too much weight for their height compared with children in other countries, or both-occurred in many countries in sub-Saharan Africa, New Zealand, and the USA for boys and girls; in Malaysia and some Pacific island nations for boys; and in Mexico for girls. INTERPRETATION The height and BMI trajectories over age and time of school-aged children and adolescents are highly variable across countries, which indicates heterogeneous nutritional quality and lifelong health advantages and risks. FUNDING Wellcome Trust, AstraZeneca Young Health Programme, EU.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Bilong2020,

title = {Smartphone-Assisted Glaucoma Screening in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: a Pilot Study.},

author = {Yannick Bilong and Christelle Noche Domngang and Gebding Nwanlih Gimma and Jean-Claude Katte and Ted Evina Afetane and Gilles Kagmeni and Jean Claude Mbanya and Nilesh Kumar and Ashish Sharma and Eugene Sobngwi},

url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31976345 http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=PMC6969564},

issn = {2322-4436},

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-01-01},

journal = {Medical hypothesis, discovery & innovation ophthalmology journal},

volume = {9},

issue = {1},

pages = {61-65},

abstract = {We aimed to determine true and false positives of glaucoma screening, relying solely on photos of the retina, taken with a smartphone. We performed a descriptive and analytical study on patients with type 2 diabetes at the National Obesity Centre, Yaoundé, Cameroon. Participating patients had retinal photography sessions using an iPhone 5s (iOS 10.3.3; Apple, Cupertino, CA) coupled to the Make in India Retinal Camera (MIIRetCam; MIIRetCam Inc., Coimbatore, TN, India). Obtained pictures of the retina were stored and transferred via the internet to an ophthalmologist to assess glaucoma. Selected patients were then invited to undergo a conventional ophthalmological examination to confirm the diagnosis. A total of 395 patients were screened, 39 (including 20 women) were diagnosed with suspicion of glaucoma based on retinal photos, a prevalence rate of 9.87%. The following signs were found; Cup/Disc ratio (C/D) ≥0.5 in 64.1% (25/39), asymmetric C/D >0.2 in 35.9% (14/39), papillary haemorrhage in 10.2% (4/39) and retinal nerve fibre deficiency in 2.5% (1/39). Only 14 of 39 patients with suspicion of glaucoma were examined, giving a lost-to-follow-up rate of 64.1%. Chronic open-angle glaucoma was confirmed in 8 patients (true positives) and absent in 6 patients (false positives). The prevalence of smartphone-detected glaucoma and lost-to-follow-up rates were high. So we need to improve this type of screening, with additional tests like transpalpebral applanation tonometer and the smartphone Frequency Doubling Technique visual field combined with better education of patients to increase their adherence to follow-up.},

keywords = {Diabetes, Glaucoma, Make in India Retinal Camera (MIIRetCam), Screening, Smartphone},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{SimeniNjonnou2020,

title = {Prevalence of Diabetes and Associated Risk Factors among a Group of Prisoners in the Yaoundé Central Prison},

author = {Sylvain Raoul Simeni Njonnou and Jérôme Boombhi and Martine Claude Etoa Etoga and Aimée Tiodoung Timnou and Ahmadou Musa Jingi and Kevin Nkem Efon and Esther Astrid Mbono Samba Eloumba and Marie-Josiane Ntsama Essomba and Odette Kengni Kebiwo and Alice Ninon Tsitsol Meke and Stéphane Talbit Ndjonya and Mesmin Dehayem Yefou and Eugène Sobngwi},

url = {https://www.hindawi.com/journals/jdr/2020/5016327/},

doi = {10.1155/2020/5016327},

issn = {2314-6745},

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Diabetes Research},

volume = {2020},

pages = {1-8},

abstract = {Background . Diabetes is a public health problem worldwide, associated with increased morbidity and mortality. According to the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) 2017 data, around 425 million people worldwide suffer from diabetes. This number is expected to increase to 629 million in 2045. Various occidental studies reported the increased prevalence and lower control of diabetes among prisoners. However, there is no data on the characteristics of inmates with diabetes in sub-Saharan Africa. Methods . A cross-sectional study among incarcerated detainees from the Yaoundé Central Prison was conducted from January to July 2017. Diabetes was defined according to the American Diabetes Association (ADA) criteria. Analyzed variables included phenotypic characteristics, lifestyle, the reason for detention, the sentence severity, and the length of detention. Results . We recruited 437 inmates (344 men) with an average age of 37.0 (95% CI: 35.9-38.3) years. The most frequent age group was 20 to 39 years with 281 (64.7%) inmates, and the mean prison stay was 29.1 (95% CI: 25.7-32.8) months. The prevalence of diabetes in the Yaoundé Central Prison was 9.4%. The main cardiovascular risk factors were a sedentary lifestyle (91.1%), hypertension (39.6%), smoking (31.6%), and alcohol consumption (28.1%). Hypertension ( p = 0.005 ), obesity ( p = 0.0006 ), smoking ( p = 0.04 ), sedentary lifestyle ( p = 0.04 ), major crime ( p = 0.007 ), and minor crime ( p = 0.003 ) were associated with diabetes in univariate analysis. In multivariate analysis, only obesity and sedentary lifestyle were associated with diabetes. Conclusion . Diabetes prevalence in the Yaoundé Central Prison was high, at 9.4%, compared to that in the general population. It was associated with other classical cardiovascular risk factors and factors linked to the sentence (minor and major crimes). This trial is registered with CE00617/CRERSHC/2016.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Sobngwi2020a,

title = {A review of changes in COVID-19 burden in the COVID-19 treatment centres in Yaoundé (Cameroon): a call for cautious optimism.},

author = {Eugene Sobngwi and Charlotte Omgba-Moussi and Charles Kouanfack and Noel Vogue and Alain Patrick Tchatchoua and Pierre Ongolo Zogo},

url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33282068 http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=PMC7687475},

doi = {10.11604/pamj.supp.2020.35.2.24982},

issn = {1937-8688},

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-01-01},

journal = {The Pan African medical journal},

volume = {35},

issue = {Suppl 2},

pages = {113},

keywords = {Africa, bimodal, COVID-19, early treatment, mitigation curve, strategy},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Sobngwi2020,

title = {Use of capillary ketones monitoring in treatment of mild ketotic crisis in people with ketosis-prone atypical diabetes.},

author = {Eugene Sobngwi and Christine Ghislaine G Ngo Ngai and Martine Etoa Etoga and Eric Lontchi-Yimagou and Armand Mbanya and Mesmin Dehayem and Jean-Claude Mbanya},

url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32665366},

doi = {10.1136/jim-2019-001267},

issn = {1708-8267},

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-01-01},

journal = {Journal of investigative medicine : the official publication of the American Federation for Clinical Research},

volume = {68},

issue = {6},

pages = {1193-1195},

abstract = {This study was carried out to assess the potential reduction in duration of intensive diabetic ketoacidosis treatment in adults with ketosis-prone atypical diabetes (KPD) when using capillary versus urinary ketones. In this cross-sectional study, we included 20 people with KPD presented at the National Obesity Center of the Yaoundé Central Hospital with hyperglycemic decompensation (random capillary glucose ≥13 mmol/L) and significant ketosis (ketonuria≥++) requiring intensive insulin treatment. In all subjects, intensive insulin treatment was initiated at 10 UI per hour with simultaneous measurement of capillary beta-hydroxybutyrate and ketonuria every 2 hours until disappearance of ketonuria. Time-to-disappearance of urine ketones was compared with the time-to-normalization of capillary β-hydroxybutyrate concentrations. Subjects were aged 46±13 years with a median duration of diabetes of 1.5 (IQR: 0-2.5) years. On admission, the mean blood glucose was 22.8±5 mmol/L and capillary ketones level was 2.9±2.7 mmol/L. The median time-to-disappearance of ketonuria was 5 (IQR: 3-8) hours compared with the time-to-normalization of capillary β-hydroxybutyrate of 4 (IQR: 2-6) hours},

keywords = {diabetes complications, diabetes mellitus, disease management},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Ndonwi2020,

title = {Metabolic effects of exposure to pesticides during gestation in female Wistar rats and their offspring: a risk factor for diabetes?},

author = {Elvis Ngwa Ndonwi and Barbara Atogho-Tiedeu and Eric Lontchi-Yimagou and Tijjani S Shinkafi and Dieudonne Nanfa and Eric V Balti and Jean Claude Katte and Armand Mbanya and Tandi Matsha and Jean Claude Mbanya and Ali Shakir and Eugene Sobngwi},

url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32685429 http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=PMC7351921},

doi = {10.1007/s43188-019-00028-y},

issn = {1976-8257},

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-01-01},

journal = {Toxicological research},

volume = {36},

issue = {3},

pages = {249-256},

abstract = {Some pesticides increase the risk of type 2 diabetes, but whether fetal exposure carries transgenerational risk remains unknown. We evaluated the metabolic effects of gestational exposure to chlorpyrifos and imidacloprid in female Wistar rats and their offspring. We studied female nulliparous Wistar rats, including six exposed to imidacloprid (IMI) and six to chlorpyrifos (CPF) once daily throughout gestation at 1/10 lethal dose 50, while six (control group) received distilled water. These were explored 1 month after the birth of the offspring, while their offspring were explored at weaning (4 weeks) and adult age (12 weeks). Blood glucose, insulin and lipid profile were determined at each stage, while glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) and nuclear factor kappa beta (NFkβ) protein expression was measured in skeletal muscle at the end of follow up. Exposure to pesticides was associated with significantly higher fasting glucose (+25.4 to 30.9%) and insulin (> 100%) levels, with > 100% increased insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), - 18.3 to - 21.1% reduced HDL-cholesterol and + 60.9 to + 102.6% increased LDL-cholesterol in mothers. GLUT4 expression was reduced by 28.9-42.3% while NFkβ expression increased by 32.8-35.4% in mothers. In offspring, similar abnormalities were observed at weaning (+ 18.4 to 67.4% fasting glucose, + 57.1 to 72.2% LDL-cholesterol, + 72.3 to 78.2% fasting insulin), persisting at adult age with decreased expression of GLUT4 (- 52.8 to 54.5%) and increased expression of NFkβ (+ 30.5 to 30.7%). Gestational exposure to imidacloprid and chlorpyrifos induces hyperglycemia, insulin resistance and dyslipidemia in female Wistar rats and their offspring. The effects on offspring persist until adult age, suggesting intergenerational adverse effects.},

keywords = {dyslipidemia, GLUT4, Hyperglycemia, NFkβ, Pesticide},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Hill2020,

title = {Findings from Community-Based Screenings for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in at Risk Communities in Cape Town, South Africa: A Pilot Study.},

author = {Jillian Hill and Nasheeta Peer and Deborah Jonathan and Mary Mayige and Eugene Sobngwi and Andre Pascal Kengne},

url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32326364 http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=PMC7215538},

doi = {10.3390/ijerph17082876},

issn = {1660-4601},

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-01-01},

journal = {International journal of environmental research and public health},

volume = {17},

issue = {8},

abstract = {Completed and ongoing implementation activities globally advocate for community-based approaches to improve strategies for type 2 diabetes prevention. However, little is known about such strategies in the African region where there are higher relative increases in diabetes prevalence. We reported findings from the first 8-month pilot phase of the South African diabetes prevention program. The study was conducted across eight townships (four black and four mixed-ancestry communities) in Cape Town, South Africa, between August 2017 and March 2018. Participants were recruited using both random and self-selected sampling techniques because the former approach proved to be ineffective; <10% of randomly selected individuals consented to participate. Non-laboratory-based diabetes risk screening, using the African diabetes risk score, and based on targeted population specific cut-offs, identified potentially high-risk adults in the community. This was followed by an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) to confirm prevalent pre-diabetes. Among the 853 adults without prior diabetes who were screened in the community, 354 (43.4%) were classified as high risk, and 316 presented for further screening. On OGTT, 13.1% had dysglycemia, including 10% with screen-detected diabetes and 67.9% with glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c)-defined high risk. Participants with pre-diabetes (n = 208) had high levels of common cardiovascular risk factors, i.e., obesity (73.7%), elevated total cholesterol (51.9%), and hypertension (29.4%). Self-referral is likely an efficient method for selecting participants for community-based diabetes risk screening in Africa. Post-screening management of individuals with pre-diabetes must include attention to co-morbid cardiovascular risk factors.},

keywords = {cardiovascular disease, community screening, diabetes risk, dyslipidemia, hypertension},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Agoons2020,

title = {Effect of Topical Capsaicin on Painful Sensory Peripheral Neuropathy in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Randomised Clinical Trial.},

author = {Batakeh B Agoons and Mesmin Dehayem Yefou and Jean-Claude Katte and Martine Claude Etoa Etoga and Dayawa D Agoons and Faustin Yepnjio and Anne Boli and Yves Wasnyo and Eugene Sobngwi and Jean-Claude Mbanya},

url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33251057 http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=PMC7685815},

doi = {10.7759/cureus.11147},

issn = {2168-8184},

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-01-01},

journal = {Cureus},

volume = {12},

issue = {10},

pages = {e11147},

abstract = {Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of capsaicin in inducing significant pain relief in a population of sub-Saharan African type 2 diabetic patients with painful peripheral neuropathy. Design This was a prospective double-blind placebo-controlled randomised clinical trial. Setting A single tertiary-level hospital diabetes center in Yaounde, Cameroon. Participants Twenty-two participants with type 2 diabetes mellitus, presenting with painful diabetic neuropathy, aged 18 years and above. Intervention Participants were equally randomised to capsaicin or placebo. Each drug was to be applied on the lower limbs thrice daily. Follow-up was done every two weeks for eight weeks. Main outcome measure Reduction in the median pain score from baseline, as assessed by the Visual Analogue Scale. Results Twenty-two participants aged 57.5 (50-60) years with a median pain intensity of 6.8 units in the capsaicin group and 5.8 units in the placebo group were included; at inclusion, there was no significant difference in the two groups (p=0.29). After two weeks, the value of pain intensity was 3.3 [2.5-4.0] vs 5.0 [4.0-7.4] (p=0.003); at week four, 3.0 [2.5-3.3] vs 5.0 [4.2-5.5] (p=0,02); at week six, 3.3 [2.5-4.0] vs 4.8 [4.0-6.0] (p=0.03); and at week eight, 6.6 [6.0-7.0] vs 5.2 [5.0-6.0] (p=0.54) for capsaicin and placebo respectively. Conclusion This study, carried out due to a paucity of information on the effect of capsaicin and painful diabetic neuropathy in sub-Saharan African diabetes patients, shows that capsaicin significantly reduces neuropathic pain with worsening after eight weeks of use. Trial registration number Pan Africa Trial Registry: PACTR202003714748946.},

keywords = {capsaicin, peripheral neuropathy, randomised clinical trial, type 2 diabetes},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Domngang2020,

title = {Level of VEGF-A and interleukin 6 in lacrimal fluid of patients with diabetic retinopathy},

author = {Christelle Domngang and Armelle Lowe Noutchie and Pascal Djamen Chuisseu and Freddy Nemg Simo and Borris Tietche Galani and Pamela Tumchou Mekieje and Faustin Ulrich Nzounji and Eric Noel Djahmeni and Magellan Guewo-Fokeng and Giles Kagmeni and Assumpta Lucienne Bella and Eugene Sobngwi},

url = {https://www.ajol.info/index.php/ijbcs/article/view/196825},

doi = {10.4314/ijbcs.v14i3.2},

issn = {1997-342X},

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-01-01},

journal = {International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences},

volume = {14},

issue = {3},

pages = {664-673},

abstract = {Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is an ocular manifestation characterized by microvascular complications. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between diabetic retinopathy (DR) and two lacrimal angiogenic cytokines, interleukin-6 (Il-6) and vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A). A cross-sectional study was conducted at Yaoundé Central Hospital from February,1 to June, 15, 2019. Twenty-six diabetic patients with retinopathy and 55 diabetics without retinopathy were enrolled. Tears were collected with Schirmer strips. The concentrations of VEGF-A and Il-6 were determined by the ELISA test. Statistical analysis was performed using Epi Data version 7.1.5.2. and GraphPad 5.0. The mean VEGF-A concentration was 163.4 ± 45.1 and 149± 81.8 pg/ml in patients with and without DR respectively (p= 0.292) while tear Il-6 level was 118.5±103 and 119±79.43 pg/ml in patients with and without DR respectively (p= 0.497). The mean tear VEGF level was 165.2 ± 76.10 and 153.50 ± 57.94 pg/mL in patients with and without diabetic maculopathy (DM) respectively (p=0.343) while tear Il-6 level was significantly lower in DM (54.92±32.68) compared to patients without DM (159.10±89.78) (p=0.047). Tear Il-6 level was significantly low in patients with DM. There was no association between the 2 lacrimal biomarkers and diabetic retinopathy. Further analysis is needed for this type of screening in diabetic patients.Keywords: eye, retina, tear, diabetes, biomarker; cytokine.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Sharma2020,

title = {MIIRetCam (Make In India Retina Camera) assisted retinal imaging in paediatric patients: Useful, artefacts, learning curve.},

author = {Ashish Sharma and Yannick Bilong and J Patil and J-C Katte and H Ahmad Khaqan and N Kumar Gupta and A Patel and S K Sundaramoorthy and R J Madhusudan and N Vidhya and T Lekha and P K Shah and V R Saravanan and S S Dharwadkar and P Rishi and M F E Franco and D Chelo and Gilles Kagmeni and L Assumpta Bella and B D Kuppermann},

url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31976345 http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=PMC6969564 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31837894},

doi = {10.1016/j.jfo.2019.09.003},

issn = {1773-0597},

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-01-01},

journal = {Journal francais d'ophtalmologie},

volume = {43},

issue = {1},

pages = {e35-e38},

abstract = {We aimed to determine true and false positives of glaucoma screening, relying solely on photos of the retina, taken with a smartphone. We performed a descriptive and analytical study on patients with type 2 diabetes at the National Obesity Centre, Yaoundé, Cameroon. Participating patients had retinal photography sessions using an iPhone 5s (iOS 10.3.3; Apple, Cupertino, CA) coupled to the Make in India Retinal Camera (MIIRetCam; MIIRetCam Inc., Coimbatore, TN, India). Obtained pictures of the retina were stored and transferred via the internet to an ophthalmologist to assess glaucoma. Selected patients were then invited to undergo a conventional ophthalmological examination to confirm the diagnosis. A total of 395 patients were screened, 39 (including 20 women) were diagnosed with suspicion of glaucoma based on retinal photos, a prevalence rate of 9.87%. The following signs were found; Cup/Disc ratio (C/D) ≥0.5 in 64.1% (25/39), asymmetric C/D >0.2 in 35.9% (14/39), papillary haemorrhage in 10.2% (4/39) and retinal nerve fibre deficiency in 2.5% (1/39). Only 14 of 39 patients with suspicion of glaucoma were examined, giving a lost-to-follow-up rate of 64.1%. Chronic open-angle glaucoma was confirmed in 8 patients (true positives) and absent in 6 patients (false positives). The prevalence of smartphone-detected glaucoma and lost-to-follow-up rates were high. So we need to improve this type of screening, with additional tests like transpalpebral applanation tonometer and the smartphone Frequency Doubling Technique visual field combined with better education of patients to increase their adherence to follow-up.},

keywords = {Diabetes, Glaucoma, Make in India Retinal Camera (MIIRetCam), Screening, Smartphone},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Mbah2020,

title = {The Cameroon Academy of Sciences model of evidence-based science advice},

author = {David A. Mbah and Samuel N. Ayonghe and Vincent N. Tanya and Vincent P. K. Titanji and Magellan Guewo-Fokeng},

url = {https://www.ajol.info/index.php/jcas/article/view/193121},

doi = {10.4314/jcas.v15i2.4},

issn = {2617-3948},

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-01-01},

journal = {Journal of the Cameroon Academy of Sciences},

volume = {15},

issue = {2},

pages = {133},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Sap2020,

title = {Observational study of disorders of sex development in Yaounde, Cameroon.},

author = {Suzanne Ngo Um Sap and Ritha Mbono Betoko and Martine Etoa Etoga and Pierre Yves Mure and Yves Morel and Sophie Dahoun and Faustin Mouafo Tambo and Boniface Moiffo and Eugène Sobngwi and Paul Koki Ndombo},

url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32069241},

doi = {10.1515/jpem-2019-0458},

issn = {2191-0251},

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-01-01},

journal = {Journal of pediatric endocrinology & metabolism : JPEM},

volume = {33},

issue = {3},

pages = {417-423},

abstract = {Introduction According to the current classification of the Lawson Wilkins Pediatric Endocrine Society (LWPES) and the European Society for Pediatric Endocrinology (ESPE) of Disorders of Sex Development (DSD), etiologies vary around the world. Ethnic or genetic diversity probably explains this variability. We therefore conducted the present study on etiologies of DSDs in a country from central Africa. Methods We carried out an observational retrospective study at the Pediatric Endocrinology Unit of the Mother and Child Centre of the Chantal Biya Foundation in Yaounde, Cameroon from May 2013 to December 2019. All patients diagnosed with a DSD were included, and incomplete files excluded. Results We included 80 patients diagnosed with DSD during the study period. The 46,XX DSD were the most frequent in our study population (n = 41, 51.25%), with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) as the main diagnosis. The 46,XY DSD accounted for 33.75% and sex chromosome DSD group represented 15% of the study population. Conclusions DSDs are not an exceptional diagnosis in a Sub-Saharan context. 46,XX DSD are the most prevalent diagnosis in our setting. The diagnosis of all these affections is late compared to other centers, justifying advocacy for neonatal screening of DSDs in our context.},

keywords = {46, Cameroon, sex chromosome DSD, XX DSD, XY DSD},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{GBD2019DiseasesandInjuriesCollaborators2020,

title = {Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990-2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019.},

author = {GBD 2019 Diseases and Injuries Collaborators},

url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33069326 http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=PMC7567026},

doi = {10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30925-9},

issn = {1474-547X},

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-01-01},

journal = {Lancet (London, England)},

volume = {396},

issue = {10258},

pages = {1204-1222},

abstract = {BACKGROUND In an era of shifting global agendas and expanded emphasis on non-communicable diseases and injuries along with communicable diseases, sound evidence on trends by cause at the national level is essential. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) provides a systematic scientific assessment of published, publicly available, and contributed data on incidence, prevalence, and mortality for a mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive list of diseases and injuries. METHODS GBD estimates incidence, prevalence, mortality, years of life lost (YLLs), years lived with disability (YLDs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) due to 369 diseases and injuries, for two sexes, and for 204 countries and territories. Input data were extracted from censuses, household surveys, civil registration and vital statistics, disease registries, health service use, air pollution monitors, satellite imaging, disease notifications, and other sources. Cause-specific death rates and cause fractions were calculated using the Cause of Death Ensemble model and spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression. Cause-specific deaths were adjusted to match the total all-cause deaths calculated as part of the GBD population, fertility, and mortality estimates. Deaths were multiplied by standard life expectancy at each age to calculate YLLs. A Bayesian meta-regression modelling tool, DisMod-MR 2.1, was used to ensure consistency between incidence, prevalence, remission, excess mortality, and cause-specific mortality for most causes. Prevalence estimates were multiplied by disability weights for mutually exclusive sequelae of diseases and injuries to calculate YLDs. We considered results in the context of the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a composite indicator of income per capita, years of schooling, and fertility rate in females younger than 25 years. Uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated for every metric using the 25th and 975th ordered 1000 draw values of the posterior distribution. FINDINGS Global health has steadily improved over the past 30 years as measured by age-standardised DALY rates. After taking into account population growth and ageing, the absolute number of DALYs has remained stable. Since 2010, the pace of decline in global age-standardised DALY rates has accelerated in age groups younger than 50 years compared with the 1990-2010 time period, with the greatest annualised rate of decline occurring in the 0-9-year age group. Six infectious diseases were among the top ten causes of DALYs in children younger than 10 years in 2019: lower respiratory infections (ranked second), diarrhoeal diseases (third), malaria (fifth), meningitis (sixth), whooping cough (ninth), and sexually transmitted infections (which, in this age group, is fully accounted for by congenital syphilis; ranked tenth). In adolescents aged 10-24 years, three injury causes were among the top causes of DALYs: road injuries (ranked first), self-harm (third), and interpersonal violence (fifth). Five of the causes that were in the top ten for ages 10-24 years were also in the top ten in the 25-49-year age group: road injuries (ranked first), HIV/AIDS (second), low back pain (fourth), headache disorders (fifth), and depressive disorders (sixth). In 2019, ischaemic heart disease and stroke were the top-ranked causes of DALYs in both the 50-74-year and 75-years-and-older age groups. Since 1990, there has been a marked shift towards a greater proportion of burden due to YLDs from non-communicable diseases and injuries. In 2019, there were 11 countries where non-communicable disease and injury YLDs constituted more than half of all disease burden. Decreases in age-standardised DALY rates have accelerated over the past decade in countries at the lower end of the SDI range, while improvements have started to stagnate or even reverse in countries with higher SDI. INTERPRETATION As disability becomes an increasingly large component of disease burden and a larger component of health expenditure, greater research and development investment is needed to identify new, more effective intervention strategies. With a rapidly ageing global population, the demands on health services to deal with disabling outcomes, which increase with age, will require policy makers to anticipate these changes. The mix of universal and more geographically specific influences on health reinforces the need for regular reporting on population health in detail and by underlying cause to help decision makers to identify success stories of disease control to emulate, as well as opportunities to improve. FUNDING Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Elangwe2020,

title = {Adverse drug reactions to anti-diabetic drugs are commonest in patients whose treatment do not adhere to diabetes management clinical guidelines: cross-sectional study in a tertiary care service in sub-Saharan Africa.},

author = {Agnes Elangwe and Jean-Claude Katte and Donald Tchapmi and Albert Figueras and Jean Claude Mbanya},

url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32607780},

doi = {10.1007/s00228-020-02949-2},

issn = {1432-1041},

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-01-01},

journal = {European journal of clinical pharmacology},

volume = {76},

issue = {11},

pages = {1601-1605},

abstract = {AIMS The study aimed to identify and describe adverse drug reactions and adherence to clinical guidelines in patients receiving treatment for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in Cameroon. METHODS The method used was a cross-sectional study at a tertiary diabetes care service in Yaoundé, Cameroon. Adult T2DM patients attending the diabetes clinic were interviewed using a pre-structured data collection form. Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) were self-reported by the patients. Naranjo's algorithm and Hartwig and Siegel's scale were used for assessment of causality and severity of ADRs, respectively. A blinded senior endocrinologist assessed whether treatment pattern of patients was "adherent" or not to local clinical guidelines for the management of diabetes. RESULTS Of a total of 350 patients enrolled into the study 61.1% were on oral hypoglycaemic agents only, 24.9% were on both oral hypoglycaemic agents and insulin, while 13.4% were on insulin alone. Metformin was used by 96.3% of the patients. Ninety patients reported 101 suspected ADRs. The proportion of ADRs among patients with poor adherence to clinical guidelines was higher than ADRs reported among adherent patients (Chi-square test = 7.3273; p = 0.007). Hypoglycaemia was more frequent ADR among non-adherent (25.7% of the suspected ADR) than adherent participants (11.6%). In the participants whose treatment pattern did not adhere to local clinical guidelines, ADRs were definite in 63.9%, probable in 16.6%, doubtful in 13.9% and possible in 5.6% of the cases. ADRs were moderate in 61.1% and severe in 19.4% of cases whose treatment pattern was non-adherent to clinical guidelines. INTERPRETATION Adverse drug reactions may be frequent in type 2 diabetes patients whose treatment pattern does not adhere to local clinical guidelines in Cameroon. Therefore, the promotion of active pharmacovigilance and the design of training activities to promote the appropriate use of medicines at hospital level in Cameroon could help to improve the management of diabetes and reduce the incidence of avoidable ADRs in the future.},

keywords = {Cameroon, Drug utilization study, Endocrinology, Pharmacovigilance},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{EtoaEtoga2019,

title = {The clinical and psychological profiles of patients with hypogonadism, followed in 3 reference hospitals of Cameroon: an observational study},

author = {Martine Claude Etoa Etoga and Gilbert Akwa and Anne Ongmeb Boli and Ahmadou Musa Jingi and Jean-Claude Njabou Katte and Nelly Sandra Ndam Ngambou and Brigitte Wandji and Mesmin Dehayem and Jean Claude Mbanya and Simeon-Pierre Choukem and Eugene Sobngwi},

url = {http://www.panafrican-med-journal.com/content/article/33/47/full/},

doi = {10.11604/pamj.2019.33.47.18352},

issn = {1937-8688},

year  = {2019},

date = {2019-01-01},

journal = {Pan African Medical Journal},

volume = {33},

pages = {1-7},

abstract = {Introduction: hypogonadism refers to a syndrome that results from failure of gonads to function properly. The main concern is considerable rise in morbidity, as shown by increased cardiovascular risk, infertility, osteoporosis and above all, the psychological impact on the life of the patients with hypogonadism. Judicious steroid replacement and culturally-sensitive psychological support before and during steroid therapy remains the key tool in the management of this condition. The present study aimed at filling the knowledge gap on hypogonadism in Cameroon. Methods: we conducted a cross-sectional study over a period of 12 months, in 3 reference hospitals of Cameroon. We included males and females diagnosed with hypogonadism, aged 16 to 50 years and 16 to 45 years respectively. After a complete clinical examination, patients were invited to fill the modified middlesex hospital questionnaire for psychoneurotic evaluation. Results: we recruited 59 patients with a sex ratio of 1:1. The mean age of the females and males were 27.7 ± 9.1years and 30.8 ± 11.7 years respectively. Normosmic Idiopathic Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism (NIHH) was the most common presentation. Compulsive obsessive traits, phobic anxiety and hysterical trait, were most pronounced in these patients. Testosterone titers significantly correlated positively with testicular size and negatively with body mass index (BMI). A significant positive correlation was found between the testicular volumes measured with ultrasound (US) and with the orchidometer. Conclusion: normosmic idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism is the most common presentation of hypogonadism in the study population. There is a significant psychosocial impact requiring further investigation and attention.},

keywords = {Cameroon, compulsive obsessive traits, Hypogonadism},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Djonou2019,

title = {Glycemic control and correlates in a group of sub Saharan type 1 diabetes adolescents},

author = {Cathy Djonou and Aurel T. Tankeu and Mesmin Y. Dehayem and Daryl N. Tcheutchoua and Jean Claude Mbanya and Eugene Sobngwi},

url = {https://doi.org/10.1186/s13104-019-4054-1 https://bmcresnotes.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13104-019-4054-1},

doi = {10.1186/s13104-019-4054-1},

issn = {1756-0500},

year  = {2019},

date = {2019-01-01},

journal = {BMC Research Notes},

volume = {12},

issue = {1},

pages = {50},

publisher = {BioMed Central},

abstract = {Objectives: This study aims to describe the prevalence of glycemic control and related factors in a population of Sub-Saharan African T1D patients. We carried out a cross-sectional study including children and adolescents from seven different centers of the Changing Diabetes in Children (CDiC) program. All children enrolled in the program where recruited after parental consent. Diabetes history, daily practice anthropometrics parameters and HbA1c were assessed for each participant. Results: We enrolled 95 children adolescents, aged from 06 to 19 years. The mean HbA1c was 9.2 ± 2.5% and 67.4% of participant had poor glycemic control. There was an association between study level of the patients (p = 0.03), healthy eating habits (p < 0.001), diabetes duration (p < 0.001) and level of glycemic control on univariate analysis. On multivariate analysis, diabetes diagnosed for more than 2 years was associated to a good control compared to those with diagnosis that is more recent. Glycemic control of adolescents with type1 diabetes remain very poor in Cameroon despite the implementation of free diabetes care through the program CDiC.},

keywords = {Africa, Glycemic control, Type 1 diabetes},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Etoga2019,

title = {The clinical and psychological profiles of patients with hypogonadism, followed in 3 reference hospitals of Cameroon: an observational study.},

author = {Martine Claude Etoa Etoga and Gilbert Akwa and Anne Ongmeb Boli and Ahmadou Musa Jingi and Jean-Claude Njabou Katte and Nelly Sandra Ndam Ngambou and Brigitte Wandji and Mesmin Dehayem and Jean Claude Mbanya and Simeon-Pierre Choukem and Eugene Sobngwi},

url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31448010 http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=PMC6689844},

doi = {10.11604/pamj.2019.33.47.18352},

issn = {1937-8688},

year  = {2019},

date = {2019-01-01},

journal = {The Pan African medical journal},

volume = {33},

pages = {47},

abstract = {Introduction Hypogonadism refers to a syndrome that results from failure of gonads to function properly. The main concern is considerable rise in morbidity, as shown by increased cardiovascular risk, infertility, osteoporosis and above all, the psychological impact on the life of the patients with hypogonadism. Judicious steroid replacement and culturally-sensitive psychological support before and during steroid therapy remains the key tool in the management of this condition. The present study aimed at filling the knowledge gap on hypogonadism in Cameroon. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional study over a period of 12 months, in 3 reference hospitals of Cameroon. We included males and females diagnosed with hypogonadism, aged 16 to 50 years and 16 to 45 years respectively. After a complete clinical examination, patients were invited to fill the modified middlesex hospital questionnaire for psychoneurotic evaluation. Results We recruited 59 patients with a sex ratio of 1:1. The mean age of the females and males were 27.7 ± 9.1years and 30.8 ± 11.7 years respectively. Normosmic Idiopathic Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism (NIHH) was the most common presentation. Compulsive obsessive traits, phobic anxiety and hysterical trait, were most pronounced in these patients. Testosterone titers significantly correlated positively with testicular size and negatively with body mass index (BMI). A significant positive correlation was found between the testicular volumes measured with ultrasound (US) and with the orchidometer. Conclusion Normosmic idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism is the most common presentation of hypogonadism in the study population. There is a significant psychosocial impact requiring further investigation and attention.},

keywords = {Cameroon, compulsive obsessive traits, Hypogonadism},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Mba2019,

title = {Is PCSK9 Associated with Plasma Lipid Levels in a Sub-Saharan African Population of Patients with Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes?},

author = {Camille Maadjhou Mba and Wilfred Mbacham and Eugène Sobngwi and Jean Claude Mbanya},

url = {https://www.dovepress.com/is-pcsk9-associated-with-plasma-lipid-levels-in-a-sub-saharan-african–peer-reviewed-article-DMSO},

doi = {10.2147/DMSO.S234243},

issn = {1178-7007},

year  = {2019},

date = {2019-01-01},

journal = {Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity: Targets and Therapy},

volume = {Volume 12},

pages = {2791-2797},

abstract = {Purpose: Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) is a key regulator of circulating LDL cholesterol. There are inconsistent data in some populations concerning the association between PCSK9, LDL and CRP. The emerging importance of the inhibition of PCSK9 for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia warrants investigations in different populations. The aim of this study from a Sub-Saharan African population was to evaluate the association between PCSK9 and hs-CRP levels and plasma lipid levels in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and obese and lean controls. Patients and methods: A cross-sectional analytical study was conducted in a major hospital in Yaoundé, Cameroon in a cohort of 162 participants (53% females). There were 54 non-obese T2D patients matched for age and sex to 54 obese nondiabetic and 54 nondiabetic lean subjects. PCSK9 level was assessed by sandwich ELISA method and hsCRP by nephelometry. Results: PCSK9 and hs-CRP levels were significantly higher in obese and T2D subjects when compared to lean controls (p<0.001 and p=0.002, respectively). The association between PCSK9 and triglyceride levels in the overall population was gender dependent (p=0.04) and subgroup analysis showed a significant positive correlation between PCSK9 and triglyceride levels in males but not in females (r=0.56},

keywords = {LDL-cholesterol, obesity, PCSK9, type 2 diabetes},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Ndonwi2019,

title = {Gestational Exposure to Pesticides Induces Oxidative Stress and Lipid Peroxidation in Offspring that Persist at Adult Age in an Animal Model},

author = {Elvis Ngwa Ndonwi and Barbara Atogho-Tiedeu and Eric Lontchi-Yimagou and Tijjani S. Shinkafi and Dieudonne Nanfa and Eric V. Balti and Routray Indusmita and Amena Mahmood and Jean-Claude Katte and ArmMbanya and Tandi Matsha and Jean Claude Mbanya and Ali Shakir and Eugene Sobngwi},

url = {http://www.toxicolres.org/journal/view.html?doi=10.5487/TR.2019.35.3.241},

doi = {10.5487/TR.2019.35.3.241},

issn = {1976-8257},

year  = {2019},

date = {2019-01-01},

journal = {Toxicological Research},

volume = {35},

issue = {3},

pages = {241-248},

abstract = {Pesticide exposure may induce biochemical alterations including oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation. However, in the context of developmental origin of health and disease, putative trans-generational effect of exposure to pesticides are insufficiently studied. We therefore aimed to evaluate the biochemical effect of gestational exposure to four pesticides on female Wistar rats and their offspring at adult age. We studied 30 female nulliparous Wistar rats divided into 5 equal groups. Group 1 served as the control group and received distilled water while group 2, 3, 4 and 5 received orally pesticide 1 (imidacloprid), pesticide 2 (chlorpyrifos), pesticide 3 (imidacloprid + lambda cyhalothrin) and pesticide 4 (oxamyl) respectively once daily throughout gestation at a dose equivalent to 1/10 lethal dose 50. The mothers were followed up until one month post gestation. The offspring were followed up from birth until adult age (12 weeks). In all animals at each time point we evaluated malondialdehyde (MDA), oxidative stress and liver function enzymes. There was similar variation of total body weight in all the groups during and after gestation. However, Female Wistar rats of the exposed groups had significant alterations in liver SOD (-30.8% to +64.1%), catalase (-38.8% to -85.7%) and GSH (-29.2% to -86.5%) and; kidney catalase (> 100%), GSH (> 100%). Moreover, MDA, alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST) levels were significantly higher in pesticide exposed rats compared to the control group. Similar alterations in antioxidant enzymes, MDA and liver function enzymes were observed in offspring of treated rats evidenced at weaning and persisting until adult age. Exposure to pesticides causes oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation in exposed female Wistar rats and their offspring. The persistence in offspring at adult age suggests transgenerational adverse effects.},

keywords = {Adult age, Biochemical alterations, Foetal exposure, Insecticide, Offspring},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Sobngwi2019,

title = {Short-term effects of perindopril-amlodipine vs perindopril-indapamide on blood pressure control in sub-Saharan type 2 diabetic individuals newly diagnosed for hypertension: A double-blinded randomized controlled trial.},

author = {Eugene Sobngwi and Liliane Mfeukeu-Kuate and Merveille Kouam and Aurel T Tankeu and Chris N Nganou-Gnindjio and Ba Hamadou and Martine Etoa and Eliane Ngassam and Ariane Nkamgna and Mesmin Y Dehayem and François F Kaze and Andre P Kengne and Jean C Mbanya},

url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31175711},

doi = {10.1111/jch.13557},

issn = {1751-7176},

year  = {2019},

date = {2019-01-01},

journal = {Journal of clinical hypertension (Greenwich, Conn.)},

volume = {21},

issue = {7},

pages = {1002-1008},

abstract = {Poor blood pressure (BP) control contributes to complications in sub-Saharan African (SSA) type 2 diabetic individuals. Experts have advocated the use of combination therapies for effective BP control in these patients. The suggested combinations should include a RAAS antagonist and either a CCB or a thiazide diuretic; however, their efficacy is yet to be established in SSA. We investigated the short-term effects of two combination therapies on BP control in SSA type 2 diabetic individuals. This was a double-blinded randomized controlled trial conducted at the Yaoundé Central Hospital (Cameroon) from October 2016 to May 2017. We included type 2 diabetic patients, newly diagnosed for hypertension. After baseline assessment and 24-hour ABPM, participants were allocated to receive either a fixed combination of perindopril + amlodipine or perindopril + indapamide for 42 days. Data analyses followed the intention-to-treat principle. We included fifteen participants (8 being females) in each group. Both combinations provided good circadian BP control after 6 weeks with similar efficacy. Twenty-four-hour SBP dropped from 144 to 145 mm Hg vs 128 to 126 mm Hg with perindopril-amlodipine and perindopril-indapamide, respectively (P = 0.003 for both groups). Twenty-four-hour DBP dropped from 85 to 78 mm Hg (P = 0.013) vs 89 to 79 mm Hg (P = 0.006) in the same respective groups. No significant adverse effect was reported. A fixed initial combination of perindopril-amlodipine or perindopril-indapamide achieved similar effective BP control after 6 weeks in SSA type 2 diabetic individuals with newly diagnosed hypertension. Therefore, these combinations can be used interchangeably in this indication.},

keywords = {amlodipine, hypertension management, indapamide, perindopril, sub-Saharan African, type 2 diabetes},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Mapa-Tassou2019,

title = {Economic Impact of Diabetes in Africa.},

author = {Clarisse Mapa-Tassou and Jean-Claude Katte and Camille Mba Maadjhou and Jean Claude Mbanya},

url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30680578},

doi = {10.1007/s11892-019-1124-7},

issn = {1539-0829},

year  = {2019},

date = {2019-01-01},

journal = {Current diabetes reports},

volume = {19},

issue = {2},

pages = {5},

abstract = {PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review seeks to address knowledge gaps around the economic burden of diabetes in Africa. Africa is home to numerous endemic infections and also prevalent non-communicable diseases including diabetes. It is projected that the greatest increases in diabetes prevalence will occur in Africa. The importance of this review therefore lies in providing adequate knowledge on the economic challenges that diabetes poses to the continent and describe the way forward in tackling this epidemic. RECENT FINDINGS Diabetes contributes to a huge amount of the global health expenditure in the world. There is a dearth of information on the economic burden of diabetes in Africa with very limited number of studies in the area. Predictions do show that Africa has the greatest predicted increase in both the burden of diabetes and associated diabetic complications but yet contributes the lowest in the global annual healthcare expenses with regard to diabetes care. In 2017, the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) estimated the total health expenditure due to diabetes at $3.3 billion. In Nigeria, the national annual direct costs of diabetes was estimated in the range of $1.071 billion to $1.639 billion per year while the estimated monthly direct medical costs per individual in Cameroon stands at $148. In Sudan, the direct cost of type 2 diabetes control was $175 per year which only included the cost of medications and ambulatory care. People with diabetes are likely to experience one or more chronic illness and a significant portion of the costs associated with these complications are attributed to the underlying diabetes. The growing epidemics of diabetes and associated diabetic complications worldwide poses catastrophic financial costs, especially in Africa where most of the expenses are paid by patients and families. The most common method used for the estimation of the economic burden of a public health problem like diabetes is the cost-of-illness approach. Cost-of-illness studies traditionally divide costs into three categories: direct, indirect, and intangible. The IDF estimated the total health expenditure due to diabetes at $3.3 billion worldwide in 2017. Most of the existing studies in Africa estimated only the direct costs. The medical direct cost of type 1 diabetes was higher than type 2. However, the estimations of costs of diabetes in many countries in Africa may be underestimated due to absence of data on the relative contribution of cost of diabetes complications.},

keywords = {Africa, Burden, Diabetes, Economic},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Mba2019a,

title = {Short term optimization of glycaemic control using insulin improves sympatho-vagal tone activities in patients with type 2 diabetes.},

author = {Camille Maadjhou Mba and Chris-Nadège Nganou-Gnindjio and Marcel Azabji-Kenfack and Liliane Mfeukeu-Kuate and Mesmin Yefou Dehayem and Jean Claude Mbanya and Eugène Sobngwi},

url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31586660},

doi = {10.1016/j.diabres.2019.107875},

issn = {1872-8227},

year  = {2019},

date = {2019-01-01},

journal = {Diabetes research and clinical practice},

volume = {157},

pages = {107875},

abstract = {INTRODUCTION Diabetic cardiac autonomic neuropathy (CAN) is potentially life threatening and its severity might further be aggravated by poor glycaemic control. A decrease in Heart rate variability (HRV) is the earliest finding of CAN even at the sub clinical stage. While intensive glycaemic control prevents the development of CAN in patients with type 1 diabetes, it is not known whether the intensification of glycaemic control using insulin would improve cardiovascular autonomic functions in type 2 diabetes patients. This study aimed to determine the short term effects of optimizing glycaemic control using insulin on the HRV in type 2 diabetes patients. METHODS We conducted a single arm open label clinical trial. Participants were poorly controlled non-insulin treated type 2 diabetes mellitus patients (HbA1c ≥ 7%). The intervention lasted 60 days and consisted in the intensification of glycaemic control through the initiation of a basal plus insulin regimen with titration of insulin to protocol defined glycaemic targets which were; fasting glycaemia: 0.70-1.30 g/L and post prandial glycaemia <1.80 g/L. Long term HRV measurement was done using a 24-h ambulatory electrocardiographic (ECG) recording on day 0 and day 60. Wilcoxon signed rank test was used to compare differences in HRV parameters before and after the intervention. RESULTS A total of 29 (14 males and 15 females) consenting type 2 diabetes mellitus patients without clinical signs of CAN were enrolled and allocated to intervention (14 males and 15 females). The median age was 52 [43-59] years, and duration of diabetes 3.0 [0.6-6.7] years. The intervention induced a reduction in HbA1c from 10.1 [9.1-11.9]% to 6.7 [5.9-6.9]% (p < 0.001) without severe hypoglycaemic events. Concerning HRV parameters, there was a significant improvement in markers of the parasympathetic tone (PNN50: 5.7 [3.6-10.3]% to 8.1 [3.1-16.9]%},

keywords = {Glycaemic control, HRV, Insulin, Type 2 diabetes mellitus},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{NCDRiskFactorCollaborationNCD-RisC2019,

title = {Rising rural body-mass index is the main driver of the global obesity epidemic in adults.},

author = {NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC)},

url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31068725 http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=PMC6784868},

doi = {10.1038/s41586-019-1171-x},

issn = {1476-4687},

year  = {2019},

date = {2019-01-01},

journal = {Nature},

volume = {569},

issue = {7755},

pages = {260-264},

abstract = {Body-mass index (BMI) has increased steadily in most countries in parallel with a rise in the proportion of the population who live in cities1,2. This has led to a widely reported view that urbanization is one of the most important drivers of the global rise in obesity3-6. Here we use 2,009 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight in more than 112 million adults, to report national, regional and global trends in mean BMI segregated by place of residence (a rural or urban area) from 1985 to 2017. We show that, contrary to the dominant paradigm, more than 55% of the global rise in mean BMI from 1985 to 2017-and more than 80% in some low- and middle-income regions-was due to increases in BMI in rural areas. This large contribution stems from the fact that, with the exception of women in sub-Saharan Africa, BMI is increasing at the same rate or faster in rural areas than in cities in low- and middle-income regions. These trends have in turn resulted in a closing-and in some countries reversal-of the gap in BMI between urban and rural areas in low- and middle-income countries, especially for women. In high-income and industrialized countries, we noted a persistently higher rural BMI, especially for women. There is an urgent need for an integrated approach to rural nutrition that enhances financial and physical access to healthy foods, to avoid replacing the rural undernutrition disadvantage in poor countries with a more general malnutrition disadvantage that entails excessive consumption of low-quality calories.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Bilong2019,

title = {Validation of Smartphone-Based Retinal Photography for Diabetic Retinopathy Screening.},

author = {Yannick Bilong and Jean-Claude Katte and Godefroy Koki and Giles Kagmeni and Odile Pascale Nga Obama and Hermann Rossi Ngoufo Fofe and Caroline Mvilongo and Oliver Nkengfack and Andre Michel Bimbai and Eugene Sobngwi and Wilfred Mbacham and Jean Claude Mbanya and Lucienne Assumpta Bella and Ashish Sharma},

url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31100178},

doi = {10.3928/23258160-20190108-05},

issn = {2325-8179},

year  = {2019},

date = {2019-01-01},

journal = {Ophthalmic surgery, lasers & imaging retina},

volume = {50},

issue = {5},

pages = {S18-S22},

abstract = {BACKROUND AND OBJECTIVE Screening for diabetic retinopathy (DR) is cost-effective when compared with disability loss for those who go blind in the absence of a screening program. We aimed to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of a smartphone-based device for the screening and detection of DR. PATIENTS AND METHODS A cross-sectional study of 220 patients with diabetes (440 eyes, all patients age 25 years or older) was completed. Tropicamide 0.5% was used for iris dilation followed by an indirect ophthalmoscopy using a 20-D lens. Retinal images were later obtained using a smartphone attached to an adaptable camera device. Retinal images permitted the visualization of the macular and papillary regions and were sent without compression via the internet to a retinal specialist for interpretation. Sensitivity and specificity were calculated for all cases and stages of DR. RESULTS Using our standard examination method, the prevalence of DR and macular edema were 13.6% and 6.4%, respectively. With the smartphone-based retinal camera, the prevalence of DR and macular edema were 18.2% and 8.2%, respectively. Sensitivity and specificity for the detection of all stages of DR was 73.3% and 90.5%, respectively. For the detection of macular edema, sensitivity was 77.8%, and specificity was 95%. For severe nonproliferative DR (NPDR), sensitivity and specificity were 80% and 99%, respectively; for proliferative DR (PDR), they were both 100%. In the early stages of DR, specificity was 89.8% for mild NPDR and 97.1% for moderate NPDR. Sensitivity was 57.1% and 42.9%, respectively. CONCLUSION Screening for DR using a smartphone-based retinal camera has a satisfactory specificity at all DR stages. Its sensitivity seems to be high only in the stages of DR necessitating a specific therapeutic decision (eg, macular edema, severe NPDR, and PDR). A smartphone-based retinal camera may be a useful device to screen for DR in resource-limited settings. [Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina. 2019;50:S18-S22.].},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Mbacham2019,

title = {Current Situation of Malaria in Africa.},

author = {Wilfred Fon Mbacham and Lawrence Ayong and Magellan Guewo-Fokeng and Valerie Makoge},

url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31267491},

doi = {10.1007/978-1-4939-9550-9_2},

issn = {1940-6029},

year  = {2019},

date = {2019-01-01},

journal = {Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.)},

volume = {2013},

pages = {29-44},

abstract = {Malaria infection is one of the major causes of deaths in the African continent. The high burden of malaria in Africa is due to P. falciparum, which adapts and cospecializes with Anopheles gambiae, the most effective and widespread malaria vector. Since 2000, the incidence of malaria has been reduced by 17% and malaria mortality rates by 26%. However, the rate of decline has stalled and even reversed in some regions since 2014. In 2017 as described by the latest World malaria report, 219 million malaria cases were reported, up from 2017 million cases reported in 2016 in 91 countries, and the global tally of malaria deaths reached 435,000 deaths, compared with 451,000 estimated deaths in 2016. Despite these achievements, the African region continues to account for about 92% of malaria cases and deaths worldwide. Therefore, it is important to master the current situation of malaria in Africa to see how to better plan its elimination. In this chapter, we present the current situation and prospective means to improve it, including a salutogenesis approach.},

keywords = {Africa, Burden, malaria, Salutogenesis},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Debeaudrap2019,

title = {Residual or Recurrent Precancerous Lesions After Treatment of Cervical Lesions in Human Immunodeficiency Virus–infected Women: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Treatment Failure},

author = {Pierre Debeaudrap and Joelle Sobngwi and Pierre-Marie Tebeu and Gary M. Clifford},

url = {https://academic.oup.com/cid/article/69/9/1555/5269500},

doi = {10.1093/cid/ciy1123},

issn = {1058-4838},

year  = {2019},

date = {2019-01-01},

journal = {Clinical Infectious Diseases},

volume = {69},

issue = {9},

pages = {1555-1565},

abstract = {Screening and treating premalignant cervical lesions (cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 2+ [CIN2+]) is an effective way to prevent cervical cancer, and recommendations exist for the monitoring of treatment success. Yet, there is no specific recommendation for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected women, who are at a known, increased risk of cervical cancer. Methods: A systematic review was performed by searching MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Web of Science for studies published from January 1980 through May 2018. Eligible studies described the prevalence of histologically- and/or cytologically-defined lesions in HIV-infected women at least 6 months post-treatment. The primary endpoint was treatment failure, defined as the presence of residual and/or recurrent high-grade CIN2+/high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions post-treatment. The pooled prevalence in HIV-infected women and the odds ratios (ORs) for HIV-infected compared to HIV-uninfected women were estimated using random-effects models. Results: Among 40 eligible studies, the pooled prevalence of treatment failure in HIV-infected women was 21.4% (95% confidence interval [CI] 15.8-27.0). There was no significant difference in the treatment failure prevalence for cryotherapy (13.9%, 95% CI 6.1-21.6) versus loop electrosurgical excision procedure (13.8%, 95% CI 8.9-18.7; P =. 9), but the treatment failure prevalence was significantly higher in women with positive (47.2%, 95% CI 22.0-74.0) than with negative (19.4%, 95% CI 11.8-30.2) excision margin (OR 3.4, 95% CI 1.5-7.7). Treatment failure was significantly increased in HIV-infected versus HIV-uninfected women, both overall (OR 2.7, 95% CI 2.0-3.5) and in all sub-group analyses. Conclusions: There is strong evidence for an increased risk of treatment failure in HIV-infected women, in comparison to their HIV-negative counterparts. The only significant predictor of treatment failure in HIV-infected women was a positive margin status, but further data is needed on long-term outcomes after ablative treatment in HIV-infected women.},

keywords = {cervical cancer, human immunodeficiency virus, human papillomavirus, meta-analysis, treatment failure},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Lontchi-Yimagou2018a,

title = {Human herpesvirus 8 infection DNA positivity is associated with low insulin secretion: A case-control study in a sub-Saharan African population with diabetes.},

author = {Eric Lontchi-Yimagou and Jérôme Legoff and Jean-Louis Nguewa and Philippe Boudou and Eric V Balti and Jean J Noubiap and Vicky Kamwa and Barbara Atogho-Tiedeu and Marcel Azabji-Kenfack and Eric N Djahmeni and Martine Etoa and Gaelle Lemdjo and Vanessa Balla and Mesmin Y Dehayem and Fabienne Foufelle and Jean-Claude Mbanya and Jean-Francois Gautier and Eugene Sobngwi},

url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29707905},

doi = {10.1111/1753-0407.12777},

issn = {1753-0407},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-01-01},

journal = {Journal of diabetes},

volume = {10},

issue = {11},

pages = {866-873},

abstract = {BACKGROUND Viruses have been considered potential triggers for the development of diabetes. This study assessed insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity in human herpesvirus 8 (HHV8)-infected and uninfected sub-Saharan African people with diabetes. METHODS In all, 173 people with non-autoimmune diabetes were enrolled consecutively: 124 with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and 49 with ketosis-prone diabetes (KPD) admitted in hyperglycemic crisis. Those with KPD were further subdivided into those with new-onset ketotic-phase KPD (n = 34) or non-ketotic phase KPD (n = 15). All participants were screened for HHV8-specific antibodies and genomic DNA. Blood samples were collected for analysis of fasting glucose, HbA1c, lipid profile, and C-peptide, with insulin resistance and secretion estimated by homeostasis model assessment. RESULTS Among the 173 diabetic participants, 88 (50.9%) were positive for HHV8 antibodies (Ac-HHV8+), including 15 (8.7%) positive for HHV8 DNA (DNA-HHV8+). The seroprevalence of HHV8 was similar between T2DM (55.6%) and KPD (61.2%) subjects. Of those with and without ketotic-phase KPD, 35.3% and 46.7% were Ac-HHV8+, respectively. Body mass index was significantly in lower DNA-HHV8+ than DNA-HHV8- subjects. Low-density lipoprotein and total cholesterol were significantly higher, but C-peptide and homeostatic model assessment of β-cell function (HOMA-β) were significantly lower in DNA-HHV8+ than DNA-HHV8- participants. After excluding DNA-HHV8+ participants, triglyceride concentrations were significantly higher in Ac-HHV8+ (n = 73) than Ac-HHV8- (n = 85) subjects. In contrast, HOMA-β was significantly higher among Ac-HHV8+ than Ac-HHV8- participants. CONCLUSIONS In the present study, HHV8 DNA positivity was associated with low insulin secretion in this sub-Saharan African diabetes population.},

keywords = {2型糖尿病, 8型人类疱疹病毒, human herpesvirus type 8, insulin resistance, insulin secretion, ketosis-pronediabetes, type 2 diabetes, 胰岛素分泌, 胰岛素抵抗, 酮症倾向性糖尿病},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{TheGlobalBurdenofDisease2016LifetimeRiskofStrokeCollaborators2018,

title = {Global, Regional, and Country-Specific Lifetime Risks of Stroke, 1990 and 2016},

author = {The Global Burden Stroke Collaborators},

url = {http://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMoa1804492},

doi = {10.1056/NEJMoa1804492},

issn = {0028-4793},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-01-01},

journal = {New England Journal of Medicine},

volume = {379},

issue = {25},

pages = {2429-2437},

abstract = {© 2018 Massachusetts Medical Society. BACKGROUND The lifetime risk of stroke has been calculated in a limited number of selected populations. We sought to estimate the lifetime risk of stroke at the regional, country, and global level using data from a comprehensive study of the prevalence of major diseases. METHODS We used the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study 2016 estimates of stroke incidence and the competing risks of death from any cause other than stroke to calculate the cumulative lifetime risks of first stroke, ischemic stroke, or hemorrhagic stroke among adults 25 years of age or older. Estimates of the lifetime risks in the years 1990 and 2016 were compared. Countries were categorized into quintiles of the sociodemographic index (SDI) used in the GBD Study, and the risks were compared across quintiles. Comparisons were made with the use of point estimates and uncertainty intervals representing the 2.5th and 97.5th percentiles around the estimate. RESULTS The estimated global lifetime risk of stroke from the age of 25 years onward was 24.9% (95% uncertainty interval, 23.5 to 26.2); the risk among men was 24.7% (95% uncertainty interval, 23.3 to 26.0), and the risk among women was 25.1% (95% uncertainty interval, 23.7 to 26.5). The risk of ischemic stroke was 18.3%, and the risk of hemorrhagic stroke was 8.2%. In high-SDI, high-middle-SDI, and low- SDI countries, the estimated lifetime risk of stroke was 23.5%, 31.1% (highest risk), and 13.2% (lowest risk), respectively; the 95% uncertainty intervals did not overlap between these categories. The highest estimated lifetime risks of stroke according to GBD region were in East Asia (38.8%), Central Europe (31.7%), and Eastern Europe (31.6%), and the lowest risk was in eastern sub-Saharan Africa (11.8%). The mean global lifetime risk of stroke increased from 22.8% in 1990 to 24.9% in 2016, a relative increase of 8.9% (95% uncertainty interval, 6.2 to 11.5); the competing risk of death from any cause other than stroke was considered in this calculation. CONCLUSIONS In 2016, the global lifetime risk of stroke from the age of 25 years onward was approximately 25% among both men and women. There was geographic variation in the lifetime risk of stroke, with the highest risks in East Asia, Central Europe, and Eastern Europe.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Ekoru2018,

title = {HIV treatment is associated with a twofold higher probability of raised triglycerides: pooled analyses in 21 023 individuals in sub-Saharan Africa},

author = {K. Ekoru and E. H. Young and D. G. Dillon and D. Gurdasani and N. Stehouwer and D. Faurholt-Jepsen and N. S. Levitt and N. J. Crowther and M. Nyirenda and M. A. Njelekela and K. Ramaiya and O. Nyan and O. O. Adewole and K. Anastos and C. Compostella and J. A. Dave and C. M. Fourie and H. Friis and I. M. Kruger and C. T. Longenecker and D. P. Maher and E. Mutimura and C. E. Ndhlovu and G. Praygod and E. W. Pefura Yone and M. Pujades-Rodriguez and N. Range and M. U. Sani and M. Sanusi and A. E. Schutte and K. Sliwa and P. C. Tien and E. H. Vorster and C. Walsh and D. Gareta and F. Mashili and E. Sobngwi and C. Adebamowo and A. Kamali and J. Seeley and L. Smeeth and D. Pillay and A. A. Motala and P. Kaleebu and M. S. Sandhu},

url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S2054420018000076/type/journal_article},

doi = {10.1017/gheg.2018.7},

issn = {2054-4200},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-01-01},

journal = {Global Health, Epidemiology and Genomics},

volume = {3},

pages = {e7},

abstract = {Background Anti-retroviral therapy (ART) regimes for HIV are associated with raised levels of circulating triglycerides (TGs) in western populations. However, there are limited data on the impact of ART on cardiometabolic risk in sub-Saharan African (SSA) populations.Methods Pooled analyses of 14 studies comprising 21 023 individuals, on whom relevant cardiometabolic risk factors (including TG), HIV and ART status were assessed between 2003 and 2014, in SSA. The association between ART and raised TG (>2.3 mmol/L) was analysed using regression models.Findings Among 10 615 individuals, ART was associated with a two-fold higher probability of raised TG (RR 2.05, 95% CI 1.51-2.77},

keywords = {Antiretroviral therapy, cardiovascular disease, HIV, Lipids, Sub-Saharan Africa, triglycerides},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Kalra2018,

title = {Expert Opinion: Patient Selection for Premixed Insulin Formulations in Diabetes Care},

author = {Sanjay Kalra and Leszek Czupryniak and Gary Kilov and Roberta Lamptey and Ajay Kumar and A. G. Unnikrishnan and Aissa Boudiba and Mohamed Abid and Zhanay A. Akanov and Ali Latheef and Mustafa Araz and Ralph Audehm and Silver Bahendeka and Naby Balde and Sandeep Chaudhary and Chaicharn Deerochanawong and Olufemi Fasanmade and Hinde Iraqi and Tint Swe Latt and Jean Claude Mbanya and Joel Rodriguez-Saldana and Ko Seung Hyun and Zafar A. Latif and Maxim Lushchyk and Magdy Megallaa and Mohammed Wali Naseri and Nguyen Quang Bay and Kaushik Ramaiya and Hoosen Randeree and Syed Abbas Raza and Khalid Shaikh and Dina Shrestha and Eugene Sobngwi and Noel Somasundaram and Norlela Sukor and Rima Tan},

url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s13300-018-0521-2 http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s13300-018-0521-2},

doi = {10.1007/s13300-018-0521-2},

issn = {1869-6953},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-01-01},

journal = {Diabetes Therapy},

volume = {9},

issue = {6},

pages = {2185-2199},

publisher = {Springer Healthcare},

abstract = {Premixed insulins are an important tool for glycemic control in persons with diabetes. Equally important in diabetes care is the selection of the most appropriate insulin regimen for a particular individual at a specific time. Currently, the choice of insulin regimens for initiation or intensification of therapy is a subjective decision. In this article, we share insights, which will help in rational and objective selection of premixed formulations for initiation and intensification of insulin therapy. The glycemic status and its variations in a person help to identify the most appropriate insulin regimen and formulation for him or her. The evolution of objective glucometric indices has enabled better glycemic monitoring of individuals with diabetes. Management of diabetes has evolved from a ‘glucocentric’ approach to a ‘patient-centered’ approach; patient characteristics, needs, and preferences should be evaluated when considering premixed insulin for treatment of diabetes. Funding: Novo Nordisk, India.},

keywords = {BIAsp, Coformulation, IDegAsp, Insulin initiation, Insulin intensification, LisproMix, Patient-centered, Premixed, type 2 diabetes},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Davies2018,

title = {Developmental origins of health and disease in Africa-influencing early life.},

author = {Justine Ina Davies and Andrew John Macnab and Peter Byass and Shane A Norris and Moffat Nyirenda and Atul Singhal and Eugene Sobngwi and Abdallah S Daar},

url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29433658},

doi = {10.1016/S2214-109X(18)30036-6},

issn = {2214-109X},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-01-01},

journal = {The Lancet. Global health},

volume = {6},

issue = {3},

pages = {e244-e245},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Sobngwi2018,

title = {Relative adrenal insufficiency in adults with sickle cell disease},

author = {Eugene Sobngwi and Noel Désirée Mbango and Eric Vounsia Balti and Francoise Ngo Sack and Vicky Ama Moor and Jean-Claude Mbanya},

url = {http://www.panafrican-med-journal.com/content/article/29/30/full/},

doi = {10.11604/pamj.2018.29.30.6025},

issn = {1937-8688},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-01-01},

journal = {Pan African Medical Journal},

volume = {29},

pages = {1-4},

abstract = {Rheological modifications observed in sickle cell anemia are associated with ischemic complications that can cause target organ functional impairment. The objective was to investigate adrenal function of adult patients with sickle cell disease. In this cross-sectional study conducted in a tertiary referral hospital of the capital city of Cameroon, we enrolled ten crisis-free adult patients with sickle cell disease (SCD) and ten age- and sex-matched healthy individuals. We assessed adrenal function by testing basal cortisol levels and 60 min after tetracosactide (Synacthen®) injection using immuno-chemiluminescence method. Post-stimulatory cortisol was defined as primary endpoint and secondary endpoints include basal cortisol levels, post-stimulatory cortisol increments and the fold increase of cortisol one hour after stimulation. Sickle cell patients had an impairment of adrenal function despite no significant difference between patients’ and controls’ for basal or post-stimulatory cortisol levels. In fact, one patient in two failed to achieve a two-fold increase in cortisol levels after stimulation (5/10) as opposed to 1 in 10 in the control population (1/10)},

keywords = {Adrenal function, adult, cortisol, sickle cell disease, tetracosactide},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Kajee2018,

title = {The Developmental Origins of Health and Disease and Sustainable Development Goals: mapping the way forward.},

author = {N Kajee and E Sobngwi and A Macnab and A S Daar},

url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28805172},

doi = {10.1017/S2040174417000630},

issn = {2040-1752},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-01-01},

journal = {Journal of developmental origins of health and disease},

volume = {9},

issue = {1},

pages = {5-9},

abstract = {In this paper, meant to stimulate debate, we argue that there is considerable benefit in approaching together the implementation of two seemingly separate recent developments. First, on the global development agenda, we have the United Nations General Assembly's 2015 finalized list of 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Several of the SDGs are related to health. Second, the field of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease (DOHaD) has garnered enough compelling evidence demonstrating that early exposures in life affect not only future health, but that the effects of that exposure can be transmitted across generations - necessitating that we begin to focus on prevention. We argue that implementing the SDGs and DOHaD together will be beneficial in several ways; and will require attending to multiple, complex and multidisciplinary approaches as we reach the point of translating science to policy to impact. Here, we begin by providing the context for our work and making the case for a mutually reinforcing, synergistic approach to implementing SDGs and DOHaD, particularly in Africa. To do this, we initiate discussion via an early mapping of some of the overlapping considerations between SDGs and DOHaD.},

keywords = {Africa, Developmental Origins of Health and Disease, implementation, Sustainable Development Goals, United Nations},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{nokey,

title = {Two decades of tobacco use prevention and control policies in Cameroon: results from the analysis of non-communicable disease prevention policies in Africa.},

author = {Clarisse Mapa-Tassou and Cecile Rénée Bonono and Felix Assah and Jennifer Wisdom and Pamela A Juma and Jean-Claude Katte and Zakariaou Njoumemi and Pierre Ongolo-Zogo and Leopold K Fezeu and Eugene Sobngwi and Jean Claude Mbanya},

url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30168394 http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=PMC6117627},

doi = {10.1186/s12889-018-5828-4},

issn = {1471-2458},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-01-01},

journal = {BMC public health},

volume = {18},

issue = {Suppl 1},

pages = {958},

abstract = {BACKGROUND Tobacco use is the leading cause of preventable death in the world today. In 2010, the World Health Organization (WHO) proposed efficient and inexpensive "best buy" interventions for prevention of tobacco use including: tax increases, smoke-free indoor workplaces and public places, bans on tobacco advertising, promotion and sponsorship, and health information and warnings. This paper analyzes the extent to which tobacco use prevention policies in Cameroon align with the WHO tobacco "best buy" interventions. It further explores the context, content, formulation and implementation level of these policies. METHODS This was a case study combining a structured review of 19 government policy documents related to tobacco use and prevention, in-depth interviews with 38 key stakeholders and field observations. The Walt and Gilson's policy analysis triangle was used to describe and interpret the context, content, processes and actors during the formulation and implementation of tobacco prevention and control policies. Direct observations ascertained the level of implementation of some selected policies. RESULTS Twelve out of 19 policies for tobacco use and prevention address the WHO "best buy" interventions. Cameroon policy formulation was driven locally by the social context of non-communicable diseases, and globally by the adoption of the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. These policies incorporated at a certain level all four domains of tobacco use "best buy" interventions. Formulating policy on smoke-free areas was single-sector oriented, while determining tobacco taxes and health warnings was more complex utilizing multisectoral approaches. The main actors involved were ministerial departments of Health, Education, Finances, Communication and Social Affairs. The level of implementation varied widely from one policy to another and from one region to another. Political will, personal motivation and the existence of formal exchange platforms facilitated policy formulation and implementation, while poor resource allocation and lack of synergy constituted barriers. CONCLUSIONS Despite actions made by the Government, there is no real political will to control tobacco use in Cameroon. Significant shortcomings still exist in developing and/or implementing comprehensive tobacco use and prevention policies. These findings highlight major gaps as well as opportunities that can be harnessed to improve tobacco control in Cameroon.},

keywords = {Cameroon, Health policy analysis, Tobacco control and prevention},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Nganou-Gnindjio2018,

title = {Poor glycemic control impacts heart rate variability in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a cross sectional study},

author = {Chris Nadège Nganou-Gnindjio and Camille Maadjhou Mba and Marcel Azabji-Kenfack and Mesmin Y. Dehayem and Liliane Mfeukeu-Kuate and Jean-Claude Mbanya and Eugène Sobngwi},

url = {https://doi.org/10.1186/s13104-018-3692-z https://bmcresnotes.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13104-018-3692-z},

doi = {10.1186/s13104-018-3692-z},

issn = {1756-0500},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-01-01},

journal = {BMC Research Notes},

volume = {11},

issue = {1},

pages = {599},

publisher = {BioMed Central},

abstract = {Objective: We aimed to determine and compare HRV parameters in poorly and well controlled type 2 diabetes. 54 normotensive type 2 diabetes patients without clinical signs of CAN were enrolled; 29 poorly controlled (HbA1c ≥ 7%) and 25 controls matched for age, sex and BMI. HRV analysis was performed using 24-h ambulatory ECG, with automatic estimation of the time and frequency domain ranges. Comparisons were performed using Mann-Whitney test. Results: We included 54 participants (26 males) aged 56 years [43-62], with known duration of diabetes 3 years [1-7]. HbA1c was 10.1% [9.1-11.9] vs 5.3% [5.1-6.3] (p < 0.001). Blood pressure was 126 mmHg [121-130] vs 124 mmHg [113-133] in the poorly controlled group and the well-controlled group respectively (p = 0.5). 24-h mean heart rate was significantly higher in poorly controlled vs well controlled patients (79 bpm [77-83] vs 75 bpm [69-79]},

keywords = {Glycemic control, Heart rate variability, Type 2 diabetes patients},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Lontchi-Yimagou2018,

title = {Acute phase ketosis-prone atypical diabetes is associated with a pro-inflammatory profile: a case-control study in a sub-Saharan African population},

author = {Eric Lontchi-Yimagou and Philippe Boudou and Jean Louis Nguewa and Jean Jacques Noubiap and Vicky Kamwa and Eric Noel Djahmeni and Babara Atogho-Tiedeu and Marcel Azabji-Kenfack and Martine Etoa and Gaelle Lemdjo and Mesmin Yefou Dehayem and Jean Claude Mbanya and Jean-Francois Gautier and Eugène Sobngwi},

url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s40200-018-0336-8},

doi = {10.1007/s40200-018-0336-8},

issn = {2251-6581},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Diabetes & Metabolic Disorders},

volume = {17},

issue = {1},

pages = {37-43},

abstract = {Background It is unknown whether inflammation plays a role in metabolic dysfunction on ketosis-prone diabetes (KPD). We aimed to assess the inflammatory profile in sub-Saharan African patients with KPD during the acute ketotic phase as well as during non-ketotic hyperglycemic crises. Methods We studied 72 patients with non-autoimmune diabetes: 23 with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D), and 49 with KPD, all admitted in hyperglycemic crisis (plasma glucose ≥250 mg/dl). The T2D and KPD groups were matched by sex, age, and Body Mass Index. KPD was sub-classified into new-onset ketotic phase (n = 34) or non-ketotic phase (n = 15). We measured TNF-α, MCP-1, MIP1-α, IL-8, MIP1-β, and VEGF in the serum of all participants. Results TNF-α and IL-8 were higher in participants with KPD compared to those with T2D (p = 0.02 TNF-α; p = 0.03 IL-8). TNF-α and IL-8 were also higher in the ketotic phase KPD group compared to the T2D group (p = 0.03 TNF-α; p < 0.001 IL-8) while MIP1-α was lower in people with ketotic phase KPD compared to their T2D counterparts (p = 0.03). MIP1-α was lower in the ketotic phase KPD group compared to the non-ketotic phase KPD group (p = 0.04). MCP-1 was lower in non-ketotic phase KPD compared to T2D (p = 0.04), and IL-8 was higher in non-ketotic phase KPD compared to T2D (p = 0.02). Conclusions Participants with KPD had elevated pro-inflammatory cytokines compared to their T2D counterparts. Ketotic phase KPD is associated with a different pro-inflammatory profile compared to non-ketotic phase KPD, and the inflammatory profile appears to be comparable between non-ketotic phase KPD and T2D patients.},

keywords = {Inflammation, Ketosis-prone diabetes, Sub-Saharan Africa, type 2 diabetes},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Yako2018,

title = {Genetic factors contributing to hypertension in African-based populations: A systematic review and meta-analysis.},

author = {Yandiswa Y Yako and Eric V Balti and Tandi E Matsha and Anastase Dzudie and Deirdre Kruger and Eugene Sobngwi and Charles Agyemang and Andre P Kengne},

url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29520984},

doi = {10.1111/jch.13225},

issn = {1751-7176},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-01-01},

journal = {Journal of clinical hypertension (Greenwich, Conn.)},

volume = {20},

issue = {3},

pages = {485-495},

abstract = {In a systematic review, the authors explored genetic association studies of essential hypertension in African populations. Studies reporting on the association of polymorphism(s) with hypertension in African populations were included. Appropriate studies were pooled using random effects model meta-analysis, under six potential inheritance models. In all, 46 polymorphisms in 33 genes were investigated for their association with hypertension or blood pressure levels. Meta-analysis was possible for three single nucleotide polymorphisms: rs4340, rs699, and rs5186. An association was found between rs5186, rs699, and hypertension under allele contrast and homozygous codominant models (odds ratio, 1.63 [95% confidence interval, 1.04-2.54] and 4.01 [95% confidence interval, 1.17-13.80] for rs5186, respectively; and 1.80 [95% confidence interval, 1.13-2.87] for rs699). Findings were mostly robust in sensitivity analyses. According to the systematic review, there is currently insufficient evidence on the specific polymorphisms that pose the risk of hypertension in African populations. Large-scale genetic studies are warranted to better understand susceptibility polymorphisms that may be specific to African populations.},

keywords = {Africa, blood pressure, diastolic, genetics, hypertension, systolic},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Omengue2018,

title = {Effect of Body Lotions on Capillary Blood Glucose Measurement – Interference of Hydroquinone-containing Body Lotion with Capillary Glucose Measurement},

author = {Andrea M. A. Omengue and Eugène Sobngwi and Mesmin Dehayem and Eric V. Balt and Anne M. O. Boli and Simeon P. Choukem and Jean F. Gautier and Jean-Claude Mbanya},

url = {http://www.touchendocrinology.com/articles/effect-body-lotions-capillary-blood-glucose-measurement-interference-hydroquinone},

doi = {10.17925/EE.2018.14.1.44},

issn = {1758-3772},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-01-01},

journal = {European Endocrinology},

volume = {14},

issue = {1},

pages = {44},

abstract = {The reliability of capillary blood glucose measurements is tremendously important for patients’ care and follow-up. Some factors independent of glucose control could however affect readings during ambulatory monitoring of capillary glucose levels in patients with diabetes mellitus. We sought to evaluate the impact of three body lotions commonly used in Cameroon on different strata of glycaemia. We explored their influence over time on measured capillary glucose values. We enrolled 16 participants. Eligible individuals were adult patients with diabetes (n=12) stratified into three levels of capillary glucose values (100 ± 40 mg/dL [5.55 ± 2.22 mmol/L], 200 ± 40 mg/dL [11.1 ± 2.22 mmol/L] and 300 ± 40 mg/dL [16.65 ± 2.22 mmol/L]) and normoglycaemic individuals (n=4). We measured capillary blood glucose before application, immediately after, then 5, 30 and 60 minutes after application of sweet almond oil, corticosteroid cream and hydroquinone lotion. The measurements made on impregnated body lotion-permeated fingers were compared to that of a clean finger. We observed a significant increase (delta [95% confidence interval, CI]: 119.5% [77.4–222.1]) of capillary glucose level immediately after administration of hydroquinone-containing body lotion (p<0.001). Capillary glucose values after the use of corticoid cream and sweet almond oil was stable 5, 30 and 60 minutes after application (p=0.875 and p=0.883 respectively). In the case of the hydroquinone-containing body lotion, there was a significant difference between capillary glucose level at 5 minutes (delta [95%CI]: 81.6% [55.3–214.2]; p<0.001), 30 minutes (delta [95%CI]: 71.6% [21.8–134.6]; p<0.001) and 60 minutes (delta [95%CI]: 58.3% [2.8–133.3]; p=0.013) after application compared to the value obtained from the clean finger. We observed from our study that there were significant variations in capillary blood glucose measurements induced by the use of hydroquinone lotion.},

keywords = {ambulatory glucose monitoring, body lotions, capillary blood glucose, Hydroquinone, self-monitoring of blood glucose},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{MofoMato2018,

title = {Genetic polymorphisms of organic cation transporter 1 (OCT1) and responses to metformin therapy in individuals with type 2 diabetes: A systematic review.},

author = {Edith Pascale Mofo Mato and Magellan Guewo-Fokeng and M Faadiel Essop and Peter Mark Oroma Owira},

url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29979413 http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=PMC6076123},

doi = {10.1097/MD.0000000000011349},

issn = {1536-5964},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-01-01},

journal = {Medicine},

volume = {97},

issue = {27},

pages = {e11349},

abstract = {BACKGROUND Metformin is one of the most commonly used drugs for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Despite its widespread use, there are considerable interindividual variations in metformin response, with about 35% of patients failing to achieve initial glycemic control. These variabilities that reflect phenotypic differences in drug disposition and action may indeed be due to polymorphisms in genes that regulate pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of metformin. Moreover, interethnic differences in drug responses in some cases correspond to substantial differences in the frequencies of the associated pharmacogenomics risk allele. AIM This study aims to highlight and summarize the overall effects of organic cation transporter 1(OCT1) polymorphisms on therapeutic responses to metformin and to evaluate the potential role of such polymorphisms in interethnic differences in metformin therapy. METHODS We conducted a systematic review according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. We searched for PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, and CINAHL, relevant studies reporting the effects of OCT1 polymorphisms on metformin therapy in T2DM individuals. Data were extracted on study design, population characteristics, relevant polymorphisms, measure of genetic association, and outcomes. The presence of gastrointestinal side effects, glycated hemoglobin A1 (HbA1c) levels, fasting plasma glucose (FPG), and postprandial plasma glucose (PPG) concentrations after treatment with metformin were chosen as measures of the metformin responses. This systematic review protocol was registered with the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO). RESULTS According to the data extracted, a total of 34 OCT1 polymorphisms were identified in 10 ethnic groups. Significant differences in the frequencies of common alleles were observed among these groups. Met408Val (rs628031) variant was the most extensively explored with metformin responses. Although some genotypes and alleles have been associated with deleterious effects on metformin response, others indeed, exhibited positive effects. CONCLUSION Genetic effects of OCT1 polymorphisms on metformin responses were population specific. Further investigations in other populations are required to set ethnicity-specific reference for metformin responses and to obtain a solid basis to design personalized therapeutic approaches for T2DM treatment.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Noubiap2018,

title = {Genetic Determinants of Dyslipidemia in African-Based Populations: A Systematic Review.},

author = {Jean Jacques Noubiap and Edith Pascale M Mato and Magellan Guewo-Fokeng and Arnaud D Kaze and Houssam Boulenouar and Ambroise Wonkam},

url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30571611 http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=PMC7001384},

doi = {10.1089/omi.2018.0158},

issn = {1557-8100},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-01-01},

journal = {Omics : a journal of integrative biology},

volume = {22},

issue = {12},

pages = {749-758},

abstract = {Identification of genetic/genomic factors contributing to dyslipidemia is of great interest to prevention and reduction of the onset and burden of cardiovascular diseases in Africa. This systematic review summarizes available data on genetic variants associated with dyslipidemia in populations within Africa. A PubMed and EMBASE database search was conducted to identify all studies published until June 2018 on genetic susceptibility to dyslipidemia in African-based populations, excluding familial hypercholesterolemia. All studies on genetic predispositions of dyslipidemia and respecting the preestablished inclusion criteria were included in this systematic review. Because of high heterogeneity, the data were summarized narratively. Twenty-two studies investigated mostly the targeted genetic variants. A total of 51 polymorphisms in 28 susceptibility genes to dyslipidemia have been associated with a particular trait in the African populations, and through variable effects. Most polymorphisms investigated in Northern Africa seemed to have consistent effects on increasing the level of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), total cholesterol, and triglycerides in patients with diabetes, myocardial infarction, coronary artery disease, and metabolic syndrome. By contrast, only Ser447Ter and C49620T variants were associated with increased LDL-C in sub-Saharan Africa. Despite few studies available in this context in the literature, certain genetic variants were consistently associated with dyslipidemia especially in Northern Africa as highlighted in this analysis. Further data, particularly from genome-wide association studies, would help establish an African-specific reference for genetic susceptibility markers of dyslipidemia.},

keywords = {Africa, biomarkers, cardiovascular health and disease, dyslipidemia, genetics, genomics, polymorphism},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Tsobgny-Tsague2018,

title = {Effects of nonsurgical periodontal treatment on glycated haemoglobin on type 2 diabetes patients (PARODIA 1 study): a randomized controlled trial in a sub-Saharan Africa population},

author = {Nadia-Flore Tsobgny-Tsague and Eric Lontchi-Yimagou and Arnel Redon Nana Nana and Aurel T. Tankeu and Jean Claude Katte and Mesmin Y. Dehayem and Charles Messanga Bengondo and Eugene Sobngwi},

url = {https://bmcoralhealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12903-018-0479-5},

doi = {10.1186/s12903-018-0479-5},

issn = {1472-6831},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-01-01},

journal = {BMC Oral Health},

volume = {18},

issue = {1},

pages = {28},

publisher = {BMC Oral Health},

abstract = {Background: There is a burglar association between diabetes and periodontitis. Many studies has shown that periodontitis treatment can help improving glycemic control in diabetes patients but little evidence of non-surgical treatment benefit is available in sub Saharan african diabetes patients. We aimed to assess the effects of non-surgical periodontal treatment (NSPT) of chronic periodontitis on glycaemic control in poorly controlled type 2 diabetes patients (T2D) in a sub-Saharan Africa urban setting. Methods: A total of 34 poorly controlled T2D patients with chronic periodontitis aged 51.4±8.8years (mean±SD), with known duration of diabetes of 55.5±42.6months, and HbA1c of 9.3±1.3% were randomly assigned to two groups. The treatment group (Group 1},

keywords = {Diabetes, Glycemic control, HbA1c, Inflammation, Non-surgical periodontal treatment, Periodontitis},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{nokey,

title = {Two decades of tobacco use prevention and control policies in Cameroon: results from the analysis of non-communicable disease prevention policies in Africa.},

author = {Clarisse Mapa-Tassou and Cecile Rénée Bonono and Felix Assah and Jennifer Wisdom and Pamela A Juma and Jean-Claude Katte and Zakariaou Njoumemi and Pierre Ongolo-Zogo and Leopold K Fezeu and Eugene Sobngwi and Jean Claude Mbanya},

url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30168394 http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=PMC6117627},

doi = {10.1186/s12889-018-5828-4},

issn = {1471-2458},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-01-01},

journal = {BMC public health},

volume = {18},

issue = {Suppl 1},

pages = {958},

abstract = {BACKGROUND Tobacco use is the leading cause of preventable death in the world today. In 2010, the World Health Organization (WHO) proposed efficient and inexpensive "best buy" interventions for prevention of tobacco use including: tax increases, smoke-free indoor workplaces and public places, bans on tobacco advertising, promotion and sponsorship, and health information and warnings. This paper analyzes the extent to which tobacco use prevention policies in Cameroon align with the WHO tobacco "best buy" interventions. It further explores the context, content, formulation and implementation level of these policies. METHODS This was a case study combining a structured review of 19 government policy documents related to tobacco use and prevention, in-depth interviews with 38 key stakeholders and field observations. The Walt and Gilson's policy analysis triangle was used to describe and interpret the context, content, processes and actors during the formulation and implementation of tobacco prevention and control policies. Direct observations ascertained the level of implementation of some selected policies. RESULTS Twelve out of 19 policies for tobacco use and prevention address the WHO "best buy" interventions. Cameroon policy formulation was driven locally by the social context of non-communicable diseases, and globally by the adoption of the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. These policies incorporated at a certain level all four domains of tobacco use "best buy" interventions. Formulating policy on smoke-free areas was single-sector oriented, while determining tobacco taxes and health warnings was more complex utilizing multisectoral approaches. The main actors involved were ministerial departments of Health, Education, Finances, Communication and Social Affairs. The level of implementation varied widely from one policy to another and from one region to another. Political will, personal motivation and the existence of formal exchange platforms facilitated policy formulation and implementation, while poor resource allocation and lack of synergy constituted barriers. CONCLUSIONS Despite actions made by the Government, there is no real political will to control tobacco use in Cameroon. Significant shortcomings still exist in developing and/or implementing comprehensive tobacco use and prevention policies. These findings highlight major gaps as well as opportunities that can be harnessed to improve tobacco control in Cameroon.},

keywords = {Cameroon, Health policy analysis, Tobacco control and prevention},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Njami2018,

title = {Visual outcome of surgically managed pituitary adenomas followed-up at the Yaoundé Central Hospital.},

author = {V A Njami and E Epee and E J Nguifo Fongang and F Bello and R Ekoumelon and E D Bukam and E Sobngwi and V P Djientcheu},

url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30073855},

doi = {10.1080/02688697.2018.1498449},

issn = {1360-046X},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-01-01},

journal = {British journal of neurosurgery},

volume = {32},

issue = {5},

pages = {521-527},

abstract = {INTRODUCTION Pituitary adenomas are benign brain tumours arising from the adenohypophysis; representing 10-15% of all intra-cranial tumours. Despite improved management, they are still related to high morbidity. Visual impairment is a common presentation and visual field defects representing 37-96%. We aimed at describing the clinical presentation of operated patients and their visual outcome. METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional study for 6 months at the Yaoundé Central Hospital's Neurosurgery, Endocrinology and Ophthalmology departments. We included all patients with histopathological confirmation, having pre-operative visual assessment and operated from January 2010 to June 2016. RESULTS Twenty-five participants (50 eyes) were enrolled. Three subtypes of pituitary adenomas were identified: Non-functional pituitary adenomas (64%) > Somatotropinomas (20%) > Prolactinomas (16%). All cases were macroadenomas. The median duration of symptoms was 14 months. All participants presented with vision impairment and 80% with headaches. Craniotomy was used in 88% of cases. The temporal hemifield was the most quantitatively affected; 76% of eyes presented with visual acuity (VA) < 6/12 and 24% of eyes a visual acuity ≥6/12. Thirty percent of eyes presented with optic atrophy; cranial nerve III palsy was the most observed. The Mean deviation (MD), an automated visual field index, improved though non-significant and 16% of eyes had a normal visual field printout after surgery. Left eye mean deviation improved significantly (p = 0.04). After surgery, there was a mild improvement of VA with 62% of eyes having a VA< 6/12 and 38% a VA ≥6/12. There was no ophthalmoplaegia after surgery. Long delay before diagnosis significantly jeopardizes pre-operative and post-operative visual acuity (r = 0.5; p = 0.01). CONCLUSION Quantitative vision parameters comparison are suggestive of a potential improvement of vision. This conclusion will be better ascertained on a large-scale sample size. Long delay before diagnosis is associated to poor visual outcome.},

keywords = {clinical presentation, outcome, Pituitary adenoma, Surgery, vision},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Tankeu2018,

title = {Effect of propranolol on heart rate variability in hyperthyroidism},

author = {Aurel T. Tankeu and Marcel Azabji-Kenfack and Chris-Nadège Nganou and Eliane Ngassam and Liliane Kuate-Mfeukeu and Camille Mba and Mesmin Y. Dehayem and Jean-Claude Mbanya and Eugene Sobngwi},

url = {https://doi.org/10.1186/s13104-018-3224-x https://bmcresnotes.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13104-018-3224-x},

doi = {10.1186/s13104-018-3224-x},

issn = {1756-0500},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-01-01},

journal = {BMC Research Notes},

volume = {11},

issue = {1},

pages = {151},

publisher = {BioMed Central},

abstract = {Objectives: We aimed to determine the effect of propanolol on heart rate variability (HRV) in hyperthyroidism before antithyroid treatment. This was a before and after study, on ten patients presenting overt hyperthyroidism naïve to treatment. In each patient, a resting electrocardiogram was done followed by estimation of cardiac autonomic dysfunction during five maneuvers (Ewing battery tests). Long term HRV measurement was done using 24 h ambulatory electrocardiographic recording. This automatically provided estimation of HRV using SDNN and RMSSD index, LF, HF, and HF/LF ratio. After baseline investigations, 40 mg of propanolol was given twice a day for 3 days and same parameters were measured after 72 h of treatment. Results: Our patients were aged 40 ± 10 years. Propanolol significantly reduced RR and HR interval (669 ms vs 763 ms and 91 vs 79 bpm; p < 0.01). QT and PR space were significantly extended (360 vs 384 ms and 133 vs 172 ms; p = 0.01). It increases QRS complex and blood pressure response to sustained handgrip but failed to modify previously decreased heart response to deep breathing. HRV parameters such as SDNN, RMSSD, LF, HF and sympathovagal balance estimate by HF/LF ratio remained unchanged. Although a significant reduction in heart excitability, propanolol failed to restore a good sympathovagal balance in hyperthyroidism. Trial registration NCT03393728 "Retrospectively registered"},

keywords = {Effect, Heart rate variability, Hyperthyroidism, Propranolol},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Mato2018,

title = {Genetic polymorphisms of organic cation transporters 1 (OCT1) and responses to metformin therapy in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review protocol.},

author = {Edith Pascale Mofo Mato and Magellan Guewo-Fokeng and M Faadiel Essop and Peter Mark Oroma Owira},

url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30041690 http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=PMC6058382},

doi = {10.1186/s13643-018-0773-y},

issn = {2046-4053},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-01-01},

journal = {Systematic reviews},

volume = {7},

issue = {1},

pages = {105},

abstract = {BACKGROUND Metformin is one of the most commonly used drugs for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Despite its efficacy and safety, metformin is frequently associated with highly variable glycemic responses, which is hypothesized to be the result of genetic variations in its transport by organic cation transporters (OCTs). This systematic review aims to highlight and summarize the overall effects of OCT1 polymorphisms on therapeutic responses to metformin and to evaluate their potential role in terms of interethnic differences with metformin responses. METHODS/DESIGN We will systematically review observational studies reporting on the genetic association between OCT1 polymorphisms and metformin responses in T2DM patients. A comprehensive search strategy formulated with the help of a librarian will be used to search MEDLINE via PubMed, Embase, and CINAHL for relevant studies published between January 1990 and July 2017. Two review authors will independently screen titles and abstracts in duplicate, extract data, and assess the risk of bias with discrepancies resolved by discussion or arbitration of a third review author. Mined data will be grouped according to OCT1 polymorphisms, and their effects on therapeutic responses to metformin will be narratively synthesized. If sufficient numbers of homogeneous studies are scored, meta-analyses will be performed to obtain pooled effect estimates. Funnel plots analysis and Egger's test will be used to assess publication bias. This study will be reported according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. DISCUSSION This review will summarize the genetic effects of OCT1 polymorphisms associated with variabilities in glycemic responses to metformin. The findings of this study could help to develop genetic tests that could predict a person's response to metformin treatment and create personalized drugs with greater efficacy and safety. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION Registration number: PROSPERO, CRD42017079978.},

keywords = {Genetic polymorphisms, Glycemic response, Metformin, OCT1, Type 2 diabetes mellitus},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Noubissi2018,

title = {Diabetes and HIV},

author = {Emile Camille Noubissi and Jean-Claude Katte and Eugene Sobngwi},

url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11892-018-1076-3},

doi = {10.1007/s11892-018-1076-3},

issn = {1534-4827},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-01-01},

journal = {Current Diabetes Reports},

volume = {18},

issue = {11},

pages = {125},

abstract = {PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review seeks to address the epidemiology and pathophysiological basis of the interaction between HIV infection and diabetes and the implication for treatment. Its importance stems from the current context of the growing burden of both conditions and the possible mechanisms of interactions that may exist but not yet sufficiently examined. RECENT FINDINGS HIV infection is associated with increased risk of insulin resistance, and ART is associated with metabolic derangement and the occurrence of type 2 diabetes. The increasing survival among people with HIV infection in developing countries is paralleled by a growing burden of chronic non-communicable diseases (NCDs) especially cardiovascular diseases and diabetes mellitus. The prevalence of diabetes mellitus is higher in HIV-positive persons compared to the general population, and especially those with associated hepatitis C virus (HCV) co-infection. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) during chronic HIV infection is the most incriminated risk factor for the development of diabetes mellitus through diverse mechanisms depending on the ART leading to insulin resistance and increased inflammatory status. A staggering 629 million of people 20-79 years are projected to have diabetes by 2045 while the world will soon enter the fourth decade of the HIV infection. Classical risk factors for diabetes such as physical inactivity and unhealthy diet may not solely explain the current trends, suggesting the role of novel risk factors including infections/inflammation. HIV and its treatment have been identified as potential contributors. Co-infections frequently observed during HIV infection also significantly influence both the epidemiological and pathophysiological of the link between HIV and diabetes. Although the relative contribution of each risk factor has not yet been quantified, several lines of evidence suggest that ART is a major contributor to hyperglycemia in HIV infection. ARTs have also led to an increase in metabolic dysfunction, including insulin resistance syndromes, dyslipidemia, and lipodystrophy. The association between ARTs and the risk of developing diabetes therefore calls for a careful choice of medication and evaluation of the risk of developing diabetes.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Bigna2018,

title = {Prevalence of prediabetes and diabetes mellitus among adults residing in Cameroon: A systematic review and meta-analysis.},

author = {Jean Joel Bigna and Jobert Richie Nansseu and Jean-Claude Katte and Jean Jacques Noubiap},

url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29325776},

doi = {10.1016/j.diabres.2017.12.005},

issn = {1872-8227},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-01-01},

journal = {Diabetes research and clinical practice},

volume = {137},

pages = {109-118},

abstract = {AIMS To summarize current data on the prevalence of prediabetes and diabetes mellitus in Cameroon. METHODS Population-based cross-sectional studies published between January 1, 2000 and April 30, 2017 including apparently healthy adults residing in Cameroon were searched in PubMed, EMBASE, African Journals Online, and African Index Medicus. We used a random-effects model to pool data. RESULTS All included studies had a low risk of bias. Six studies were conducted in an urban setting only, one in a rural setting only, and five in both settings. The overall prevalence of diabetes mellitus was 5.8% (95%CI 4.1-7.9; 12 studies) in a pooled sample of 37,147 participants. The prevalence of prediabetes was 7.1% (95%CI: 3.0-21.9; 4 studies) in a pooled sample of 5,872 people. In univariable meta-regression analysis, the prevalence of diabetes mellitus increased with age, hypertension, overweight and obesity. There was no difference for sex and settings (rural versus urban). CONCLUSIONS This study reports a relatively high prevalence of diabetes mellitus and prediabetes in Cameroon, with no difference between urban and rural settings and between sexes. The main drivers include increasing age, overweight and obesity. Community-based educational programs are needed to tackle the burden of the disease in the country.},

keywords = {Cameroon, Diabetes, Epidemiology, Prediabetes},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Mapa-Tassou2018,

title = {Two decades of tobacco use prevention and control policies in Cameroon: results from the analysis of non-communicable disease prevention policies in Africa},

author = {Clarisse Mapa-Tassou and Cecile Rénée Bonono and Felix Assah and Jennifer Wisdom and Pamela A. Juma and Jean-Claude Katte and Zakariaou Njoumemi and Pierre Ongolo-Zogo and Leopold K. Fezeu and Eugene Sobngwi and Jean Claude Mbanya},

url = {https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-018-5828-4},

doi = {10.1186/s12889-018-5828-4},

issn = {1471-2458},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-01-01},

journal = {BMC Public Health},

volume = {18},

issue = {S1},

pages = {958},

abstract = {Background: Tobacco use is the leading cause of preventable death in the world today. In 2010, the World Health Organization (WHO) proposed efficient and inexpensive "best buy" interventions for prevention of tobacco use including: tax increases, smoke-free indoor workplaces and public places, bans on tobacco advertising, promotion and sponsorship, and health information and warnings. This paper analyzes the extent to which tobacco use prevention policies in Cameroon align with the WHO tobacco "best buy" interventions. It further explores the context, content, formulation and implementation level of these policies. Methods: This was a case study combining a structured review of 19 government policy documents related to tobacco use and prevention, in-depth interviews with 38 key stakeholders and field observations. The Walt and Gilson's policy analysis triangle was used to describe and interpret the context, content, processes and actors during the formulation and implementation of tobacco prevention and control policies. Direct observations ascertained the level of implementation of some selected policies. Results: Twelve out of 19 policies for tobacco use and prevention address the WHO "best buy" interventions. Cameroon policy formulation was driven locally by the social context of non-communicable diseases, and globally by the adoption of the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. These policies incorporated at a certain level all four domains of tobacco use "best buy" interventions. Formulating policy on smoke-free areas was single-sector oriented, while determining tobacco taxes and health warnings was more complex utilizing multisectoral approaches. The main actors involved were ministerial departments of Health, Education, Finances, Communication and Social Affairs. The level of implementation varied widely from one policy to another and from one region to another. Political will, personal motivation and the existence of formal exchange platforms facilitated policy formulation and implementation, while poor resource allocation and lack of synergy constituted barriers. Conclusions: Despite actions made by the Government, there is no real political will to control tobacco use in Cameroon. Significant shortcomings still exist in developing and/or implementing comprehensive tobacco use and prevention policies. These findings highlight major gaps as well as opportunities that can be harnessed to improve tobacco control in Cameroon.},

keywords = {Cameroon, Health policy analysis, Tobacco control and prevention},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Bahina2018,

title = {Assessment of adverse drug reactions in the home management of malaria cases of children under 5 years using artemisinin-based combination therapy in Mfou health district, Center region of Cameroon},

author = {Louis Essengue Bahina and Christian Jean Youmba and Rodrigue Biguioh Mabvouna and Joëlle Sobngwi},

url = {https://www.publichealthinafrica.org/index.php/jphia/article/view/763},

doi = {10.4081/jphia.2018.763},

issn = {2038-9930},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Public Health in Africa},

volume = {9},

issue = {3},

pages = {1-4},

abstract = {health concerns in Cameroon. Its treatment is frequently initiated at home, most often with street drugs. The home management of malaria cases entails the prescription of Artemisinin-based combination (ACTs) as first-line therapy for treatment of uncomplicated malaria after having confirmed the malaria case using rapid diagnostic tests. But induced adverse reactions of this therapy are not well known in Cameroon. Thus, a prospective, observational, cohort study of adverse events associated with ACTs was conducted from January 2013 to November 2013 in the health district of Mfou. Children under 5 years receiving ACTs for malaria treatment at home were enrolled. Suspected ADRs and other clinical events were recorded. Data were managed and analysed using Epi Info version 3.5.3 and Statistical Package for Social Sciences, statistical software version 20. Of the 479 children investigated, 56.8% (n=272/479) were males, the age group 25-59 months (49.5%; n=237/479) was most represented, 27.1% (n=130/479) had experienced one form of ADRs, male children (56.2%; n=73/130) and the age group 25-59 months (50.8%; n=66/130) were most affected. No significant association was found between age, sex and incidence of adverse ACTs reactions. The main experienced ACTs reactions were tiredness (43.1%; n=56/130) followed by lack of appetite (24.6%; n=32/130). The incidence ACTs ARDs was found to be relatively low and tolerable. Home management of malaria cases using ACTs should be encouraged and community members should be trained to improve the recognizing and reporting of adverse effects.},

keywords = {Children, Ghana, Hepatitis B, Vaccination},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}